well　as　in　India；　but　we　are　convinced　that　the　substance　supposed　to　be　tobacco；　and　to　be　referred　to　as　such　by　many　writers；　and　described　as　〃intoxicating；〃　was　really　India　hemp；　or　some　plant　very　different　from　the　tobacco　of　the　New　World。　　At　any　rate　there　is　evidence　that　in　the　Turkish　Empire　as　late　as　1616　tobacco　was　still　somewhat　a　novelty；　and　the　smoking　of　it　was　regarded　as　vile；　and　a　habit　only　of　the　low。　　The　late　Hekekian　Bey；　foreign　minister　of　old　Mahomet　Ali；　possessed　an　ancient　Turkish　MS　which　related　an　occurrence　at　Smyrna　about　the　year　1610；　namely；　the　punishment　of　some　sailors　for　the　use　of　tobacco；　which　showed　that　it　was　a　novelty　and　accounted　a　low　vice　at　that　time。　　The　testimony　of　the　trustworthy　George　Sandys；　an　English　traveler　into　Turkey；　Egypt；　and　Syria　in　1610　（afterwards；　1621；　treasurer　of　the　colony　in　Virginia）；　is　to　the　same　effect　as　given　in　his　〃Relation；〃　published　in　London　in　1621。　　In　his　minute　description　of　the　people　and　manners　of　Constantinople；　after　speaking　of　opium；　which　makes　the　Turks　〃giddy…headed〃　and　〃turbulent　dreamers；〃　he　says：　〃But　perhaps　for　the　self…same　cause　they　delight　in　Tobacco：　which　they　take　through　reedes　that　have　joyned　with　them　great　heads　of　wood　to　containe　it；　I　doubt　not　but　lately　taught　them　as　brought　them　by　the　English；　and　were　it　not　sometimes　lookt　into　（for　Morat　Bassa　＇Murad　III。？＇　not　long　since　commanded　a　pipe　to　be　thrust　through　the　nose　of　a　Turke；　and　to　be　led　in　derision　through　the　Citie）；　no　question　but　it　would　prove　a　principal　commodity。　　Nevertheless　they　will　take　it　in　corners；　and　are　so　ignorant　therein；　that　that　which　in　England　is　not　saleable；　doth　passe　here　among　them　for　most　excellent。〃
  Mr。　Stith　（〃History　of　Virginia；〃　1746）　gives　Raleigh　credit　for　the　introduction　of　the　pipe　into　good　society；　but　he　cautiously　says；　〃We　are　not　informed　whether　the　queen　made　use　of　it　herself：　but　it　is　certain　she　gave　great　countenance　to　it　as　a　vegetable　of　singular　strength　and　power；　which　might　therefore　prove　of　benefit　to　mankind；　and　advantage　to　the　nation。〃　　Mr。　Thomas　Hariot；　in　his　observations　on　the　colony　at　Roanoke；　says　that　the　natives　esteemed　their　tobacco；　of　which　plenty　was　found；　their　〃chief　physicke。〃
  It　should　be　noted；　as　against　the　claim　of　Lane；　that　Stowe　in　his　〃Annales〃　（1615）　says：　〃Tobacco　was　first　brought　and　made　known　in　England　by　Sir　John　Hawkins；　about　the　year　1565；　but　not　used　by　Englishmen　in　many　years　after；　though　at　this　time　commonly　used　by　most　men　and　many　women。〃　　In　a　side…note　to　the　edition　of　1631　we　read：　〃Sir　Walter　Raleigh　was　the　first　that　brought　tobacco　in　use；　when　all　men　wondered　what　it　meant。〃　　It　was　first　commended　for　its　medicinal　virtues。　　Harrison's　〃Chronologie；〃　under　date　of　1573；　says：　〃In　these　daies　the　taking　in　of　the　smoke　of　the　Indian　herbe　called　'Tabaco'　by　an　instrument　formed　like　a　little　ladell；　whereby　it　passeth　from　the　mouth　into　the　hed　and　stomach；　is　gretlie　taken…　up　and　used　in　England；　against　Rewmes　and　some　other　diseases　ingendred　in　the　longes　and　inward　partes；　and　not　without　effect。〃　But　Barnaby　Rich；　in　〃The　Honestie　of　this　Age；〃　1614；　disagrees　with　Harrison　about　its　benefit：　〃They　say　it　is　good　for　a　cold；　for　a　pose；　for　rewmes；　for　aches；　for　dropsies；　and　for　all　manner　of　diseases　proceeding　of　moyst　humours；　but　I　cannot　see　but　that　those　that　do　take　it　fastest　are　as　much　（or　more）　subject　to　all　these　infirmities　（yea；　and　to　the　poxe　itself）　as　those　that　have　nothing　at　all　to　do　with　it。〃　　He　learns　that　7；000　shops　in　London　live　by　the　trade　of　tobacco…selling；　and　calculates　that　there　is　paid　for　it　L　399；375　a　year；　〃all　spent　in　smoake。〃　　Every　base　groom　must　have　his　pipe　with　his　pot　of　ale；　it　〃is　vendible　in　every　taverne；　inne；　and　ale…house；　and　as　for　apothecaries　shops；　grosers　shops；　chandlers　shops；　they　are　（almost）　never　without　company　that；　from　morning　till　night；　are　still　taking　of　tobacco。〃　　Numbers　of　houses　and　shops　had　no　other　trade　to　live　by。　　The　wrath　of　King　James　was　probably　never　cooled　against　tobacco；　but　the　expression　of　it　was　somewhat　tempered　when　he　perceived　what　a　source　of　revenue　it　became。
  The　savages　of　North　America　gave　early　evidence　of　the　possession　of　imaginative　minds；　of　rare　power　of　invention；　and　of　an　amiable　desire　to　make　satisfactory　replies　to　the　inquiries　of　their　visitors。　　They　generally　told　their　questioners　what　they　wanted　to　know；　if　they　could　ascertain　what　sort　of　information　would　please　them。　　If　they　had　known　the　taste　of　the　sixteenth　century　for　the　marvelous　they　could　not　have　responded　more　fitly　to　suit　it。　　They　filled　Mr。　Lane　and　Mr。　Hariot　full　of　tales　of　a　wonderful　copper　mine　on　the　River　Maratock　（Roanoke）；　where　the　metal　was　dipped　out　of　the　stream　in　great　bowls。　　The　colonists　had　great　hopes　of　this　river；　which　Mr：　Hariot　thought　flowed　out　of　the　Gulf　of　Mexico；　or　very　near　the　South　Sea。　　The　Indians　also　conveyed　to　the　mind　of　this　sagacious　observer　the　notion　that　they　had　a　very　respectably　developed　religion；　that　they　believed　in　one　chief　god　who　existed　from　all　eternity；　and　who　made　many　gods　of　less　degree；　that　for　mankind　a　woman　was　first　created；　who　by　one　of　the　gods　brought　forth　children；　that　they　believed　in　the　immortality　of　the　soul；　and　that　for　good　works　a　soul　will　be　conveyed　to　bliss　in　the　tabernacles　of　the　gods；　and　for　bad　deeds　to　pokogusso；　a　great　pit　in　the　furthest　part　of　the　world；　where　the　sun　sets；　and　where　they　burn　continually。　　The　Indians　knew　this　because　two　men　lately　dead　had　revived　and　come　back　to　tell　them　of　the　other　world。　　These　stories；　and　many　others　of　like　kind；　the　Indians　told　of　themselves；　and　they　further　pleased　Mr。　Hariot　by　kissing　his　Bible　and　rubbing　it　all　over　their　bodies；　notwithstanding　he　told　them　there　was　no　virtue　in　the　material　book　itself；　only　in　its　doctrines。　　We　must　do　Mr。　Hariot　the　justice　to　say；　however；　that　he　had　some　little　suspicion　of　the　〃subtiltie〃　of　the　weroances　（chiefs）　and　the　priests。
  Raleigh　was　not　easily　discouraged；　he　was　determined　to　plant　his　colony；　and　to　send　relief　to　the　handful　of　men　that　Grenville　had　left　on　Roanoke　Island。　　In　May；　1587；　he　sent　out　three　ships　and　a　hundred　and　fifty　householders；　under　command　of　Mr。　John　White；　who　was　appointed　Governor　of　the　colony；　with　twelve　assistants　as　a　Council；　who　were　incorporated　under　the　name　of　〃The　Governor　and　Assistants　of　the　City　of　Ralegh　in　Virginia；〃　with　instructions　to　change　their　settlement　to　Chesapeake　Bay。　　The　expedition　found　there　no　one　of　the　colony　（whether　it　was　fifty　or　fifteen　the　writers　disagree）；　nothing　but　the　bones　of　one　man　where　the　plantation　had　been；　the　houses　were　unhurt；　but　overgrown　with　weeds；　and　the　fort　was　defaced。　　Captain　Stafford；　with　twenty　men；　went　to　Croatan　to　seek　the　lost　colonists。　　He　heard　that　the　fifty　had　been　set　upon　by　three　hundred　Indians；　and；　after　a　sharp　skirmish　and　the　loss　of　one　man；　had　taken　boats　and　gone　to　a　small　island　near　Hatorask；　and　afterwards　had　departed　no　one　knew　whither。
  Mr。　White　sent　a　band　to　take　revenge　upon　the　Indians　who　were　suspected　of　their　murder　through　treachery；　which　was　guided　by　Mateo；　the　friendly　Indian；　who　had　returned　with　the　expedition　from　England。　　By　a　mistake　they　attacked　a　friendly　tribe。　　In　August　of　this　year　Mateo　was　Christianized；　and　baptized　under　the　title　of　Lord　of　Roanoke　and　Dassomonpeake；　as　a　reward　for　his　fidelity。　　The　same　month　Elinor；　the　daughter　of　the　Govemor；　the　wife　of　Ananias　Dare；　gave　birth　to　a　daughter；　the　first　white　child　born　in　this　part　of　the　continent；　who　was　named　Virginia。
  Before　long　a　dispute　arose　between　the　Governor　and　his　Council　as　to　the　proper　person　to　return　to　England　for　supplies。　　White　himself　was　finally　prevailed　upon　to　go；　and　he　departed；　leaving　about　a　hundred　settlers　on　one　of　the　islands　of　Hatorask　to　form　a　plantation。
  The　Spanish　invasion　and　the　Armada　distracted　the　attention　of　Europe　about　this　time；　and　the　hope　of　plunder　from　Spanish　vessels　was　more　attractive　than　the　colonization　of　America。　　It　was　not　until　1590　that　Raleigh　was　able　to　despatch　vessels　to　the　relief　of　the　Hatorask　colony；　and　then　it　was　too　late。　　White　did；　indeed；　start　out　from　Biddeford　in　April；　1588；　with　two　vessels；　but　the　temptation　to　chase　prizes　was　too　strong　for　him；　and　he　went　on　a　cruise　of　his　own；　and　left　the　colony　to　its　destruction。
  In　March；　1589…90；　Mr。　White　was　again　sent　out；　with　three　ships；　from　Plymouth；　and　reached　the　coast　in　August。　　Sailing　by　Croatan　they　went　to　Hatorask；　where　they　descried　a　smoke　in　the　place　they　had　left　the　colony　in　1587。　　Going　ashore　next　day；　they　found　no　man；　nor　sign　that　any　had　been　there　lately。　　Preparing　to　go　to　Roanoke　next　day；　a　boat　was　upset　and　Captain　Spicer　and　six　of　the　crew　were　drowned。　　This　accident　so　discouraged　the　sailors　that　they　could　hardly　be　persuaded　to　enter　on　the　search　for　the　colony。　At　last　two　boats；　with　nineteen　men；　set　out　for　Hatorask；　and　landed　at　that　part　of　Roanoke