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作者:北方网      更新:2021-02-24 22:10      字数:9320
  EARLY KINGS OF NORWAY。
  EARLY KINGS OF
  NORWAY。
  by Thomas Carlyle
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  EARLY KINGS OF NORWAY。
  The Icelanders; in their long winter; had a great habit of writing; and
  were; and still are; excellent in penmanship; says Dahlmann。 It is to this
  fact;    that  any   little  history   there    is  of  the   Norse    Kings     and   their   old
  tragedies; crimes and heroisms; is almost all due。 The Icelanders; it seems;
  not   only   made   beautiful   letters   on   their   paper   or   parchment;   but   were
  laudably   observant   and   desirous   of   accuracy;   and   have   left   us   such   a
  collection   of   narratives   (_Sagas_;   literally   〃Says〃)   as;   for   quantity   and
  quality; is unexampled among rude nations。 Snorro Sturleson's History of
  the Norse Kings is built out of these old Sagas; and has in it a great deal of
  poetic   fire;   not   a   little   faithful   sagacity   applied   in   sifting   and   adjusting
  these    old   Sagas;     and;   in  a  word;    deserves;     were    it  once    well   edited;
  furnished       with   accurate     maps;     chronological       summaries;       &c。;    to   be
  reckoned   among   the   great   history…books   of   the   world。   It   is   from   these
  sources;   greatly  aided   by  accurate;   learned   and   unwearied   Dahlmann;'1'
  the German Professor; that the following rough notes of the early Norway
  Kings      are   hastily   thrown      together。    In   Histories    of   England      (Rapin's
  excepted) next to nothing has been shown of the many and strong threads
  of connection between English affairs and Norse。
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  EARLY KINGS OF NORWAY。
  CHAPTER I。
  HARALD HAARFAGR。
  Till   about   the   Year   of   Grace   860   there   were   no   kings   in   Norway;
  nothing   but   numerous   jarls;essentially   kinglets;   each   presiding   over   a
  kind of republican or parliamentary little territory; generally striving each
  to be on some terms of human neighborhood with those about him; but;
  in spite of 〃_Fylke Things_〃 (Folk Things; little parish parliaments); and
  small   combinations   of   these;   which   had   gradually   formed   themselves;
  often reduced to the unhappy state of quarrel with them。 Harald Haarfagr
  was the first to put an end to this state of things; and become memorable
  and profitable to his country by uniting it under one head and making a
  kingdom of it; which it has continued to be ever since。 His father; Halfdan
  the Black; had already begun this rough but salutary process;inspired by
  the cupidities and instincts; by the faculties and opportunities; which the
  good   genius   of this   world; beneficent often   enough under   savage   forms;
  and diligent at all times to diminish anarchy as the world's worst savagery;
  usually appoints in such cases;conquest; hard fighting; followed by wise
  guidance of the conquered;but it was Harald the Fairhaired; his son; who
  conspicuously   carried   it   on   and   completed   it。   Harald's   birth…year;   death…
  year;    and   chronology      in  general;    are   known     only   by   inference    and
  computation; but; by the latest reckoning; he died about the year 933 of
  our era; a man of eighty…three。
  The business of conquest lasted Harald about twelve years (A。D。 860…
  872?); in which he subdued also the vikings of the out…islands; Orkneys;
  Shetlands;      Hebrides;    and   Man。     Sixty   more    years   were    given   him    to
  consolidate and regulate what he had conquered; which he did with great
  judgment;   industry   and   success。   His   reign   altogether   is   counted   to   have
  been of over seventy years。
  The   beginning   of   his   great   adventure   was   of   a   romantic   character。
  youthful   love   for the   beautiful   Gyda;  a   then   glorious   and   famous   young
  lady   of   those   regions;   whom   the   young   Harald   aspired   to   marry。   Gyda
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  answered his embassy and prayer in a distant; lofty manner: 〃Her it would
  not   beseem  to   wed   any  Jarl or   poor   creature   of that kind;   let him  do   as
  Gorm   of   Denmark;   Eric   of   Sweden;   Egbert   of   England;   and   others   had
  done;subdue into peace and regulation the confused; contentious bits of
  jarls round him; and become a king; then; perhaps; she might think of his
  proposal: till then; not。〃 Harald was struck with this proud answer; which
  rendered   Gyda   tenfold   more   desirable   to   him。   He   vowed   to   let   his   hair
  grow;   never   to   cut   or   even   to   comb   it   till   this   feat   were   done;   and   the
  peerless   Gyda   his   own。   He   proceeded   accordingly   to   conquer;   in   fierce
  battle; a Jarl   or two every  year; and; at the end of   twelve years; had his
  unkempt (and almost unimaginable) head of hair clipt off;Jarl Rognwald
  (_Reginald_) of More; the most valued and valuable of all his subject…jarls;
  being promoted to this sublime barber function;after which King Harald;
  with   head   thoroughly   cleaned;   and   hair   grown;   or   growing   again   to   the
  luxuriant beauty that had no equal in his day; brought home his Gyda; and
  made      her   the   brightest    queen    in   all  the  north。    He   had    after   her;  in
  succession;   or   perhaps   even   simultaneously   in   some   cases;   at   least   six
  other wives; and by Gyda herself one daughter and four sons。
  Harald was not to be considered a strict…living man; and he had a great
  deal of trouble; as we shall see; with the tumultuous ambition of his sons;
  but he managed his government; aided by Jarl Rognwald and others; in a
  large;   quietly   potent;   and   successful   manner;   and   it   lasted   in   this   royal
  form till his death; after sixty years of it。
  These  were   the   times   of   Norse   colonization;   proud   Norsemen   flying
  into other lands; to freer scenes;to Iceland; to the Faroe Islands; which
  were hitherto quite vacant (tenanted only by some mournful hermit; Irish
  Christian _fakir_; or so); still more copiously to the Orkney and Shetland
  Isles; the Hebrides and other countries where Norse squatters and settlers
  already     were。    Settlement      of  Iceland;    we    say;  settlement     of   the  Faroe
  Islands; and; by far the notablest of all; settlement of Normandy by Rolf
  the Ganger (A。D。 876?)。'2'
  Rolf; son of Rognwald;'3' was lord of three little islets far north; near
  the Fjord of Folden; called the Three Vigten Islands; but his chief means
  of   living   was   that   of   sea   robbery;   which;   or   at   least   Rolf's   conduct   in
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  EARLY KINGS OF NORWAY。
  which; Harald did not approve of。 In the Court of Harald; sea…robbery was
  strictly    forbidden     as   between     Harald's     own    countries;    but   as   against
  foreign   countries   it   continued   to   be   the   one   profession   for   a   gentleman;
  thus; I read;  Harald's own   chief son; King   Eric that   afterwards was;  had
  been at sea in such employments ever since his twelfth year。 Rolf's crime;
  however; was that in coming home from one of these expeditions; his crew
  having   fallen   short   of   victual;   Rolf   landed   with   them   on   the   shore   of
  Norway; and in his strait; drove in some cattle there (a crime by law) and
  proceeded   to   kill   and   eat;   which;   in   a   little   while;   he   heard   that   King
  Harald was on foot to inquire into and punish; whereupon Rolf the Ganger
  speedily got into his ships again; got to the coast of France with his sea…
  robbers; got infeftment by the poor King of France in the fruitful; shaggy
  desert which is since called Normandy; land of the Northmen; and there;
  gradually felling the forests; banking the rivers; tilling the fields; became;
  during the next two centuries; Wilhelmus Conquaestor; the man famous to
  England;   and   momentous   at   this   day;   not   to   England   alone;   but   to   all
  speakers of the English tongue; now spread from side to side of the world
  in   a   wonderful   degree。   Tancred   of   Hauteville   and   his   Italian   Normans;
  though important too; in Italy; are not worth naming in comparison。 This is
  a feracious earth; and the grain of mustard…seed will grow to miraculous
  extent in some cases。
  Harald's      chief   helper;