an　opposition　from　the　Government　that　seemed　to　imply　an
  understanding　with　Napoleon　which　was　different　from　his　own；　he
  withdrew　his　motion　（in　July）。　Once　more　the　scale　turned　against
  the　Confederacy；　and　Gettysburg　was　supplemented　by　the　seizure
  of　the　Laird　rams　by　the　British　authorities。　These　events
  explain　the　bitter　turn　given　to　Confederate　feeling　toward
  England　in　the　latter　part　of　1863。　On　the　4th　of　August　Benjamin
  wrote　to　Mason　that　〃the　perusal　of　the　recent　debates　in
  'Parliament　satisfies　the　President〃　that　Mason's　〃continued
  residence　in　London　is　neither　conducive　to　the　interests　nor
  consistent　with　the　dignity　of　this　government；〃　and　directed　him
  to　withdraw　to　Paris。
  Confederate　feeling；　as　it　cooled　toward　England；　warmed　toward
  France。　Napoleon's　Mexican　scheme；　including　the　offer　of　a
  ready…made　imperial　crown　to　Maximilian；　the　brother　of　the
  Emperor　of　Austria；　was　fully　understood　at　Richmond；　and　with
  Napoleon's　need　of　an　American　ally；　Southern　hope　revived。　It
  was　further　strengthened　by　a　pamphlet　which　was　translated　and
  distributed　in　the　South　as　a　newspaper　article　under　the　title
  France；　Mexico；　and　the　Confederate　States。　The　reputed　author；
  Michel　Chevalier；　was　an　imperial　senator；　another　member　of　the
  Napoleon　ring；　and　highly　trusted　by　his　shifty　master。　The
  pamphlet；　which　emphasized　the　importance　of　Southern
  independence　as　a　condition　of　Napoleon's　〃beneficent　aims〃　in
  Mexico；　was　held　to　have　been　inspired；　and　the　imperial　denial
  was　regarded　as　a　mere　matter　of　form。
  What　appeared　to　be　significant　of　the　temper　of　the　Imperial
  Government　was　a　decree　of　a　French　court　in　the　case　of　certain
  merchants　who　sought　to　recover　insurance　on　wine　dispatched　to
  America　and　destroyed　in　a　ship　taken　by　the　Alabama。　Their　plea
  was　that　they　were　insured　against　loss　by　〃pirates。〃　The　court
  dismissed　their　suit　and　assessed　costs　against　them。　Further
  evidence　of　Napoleon's　favor　was　the　permission　given　to　the
  Confederate　cruiser　Florida　to　repair　at　Brest　and　even　to　make
  use　of　the　imperial　dockyard。　The　very　general　faith　in
  Napoleon's　promises　was　expressed　by　Davis　in　his　message　to
  Congress　in　December：　〃Although　preferring　our　own　government　and
  institutions　to　those　of　other　countries；　we　can　have　no
  disposition　to　contest　the　exercise　by　them　of　the　same　right　of
  self…government　which　we　assert　for　ourselves。　If　the　Mexican
  people　prefer　a　monarchy　to　a　republic；　it　is　our　plain　duty
  cheerfully　to　acquiesce　in　their　decision　and　to　evince　a　sincere
  and　friendly　interest　in　their　prosperity。。。。　The　Emperor　of
  the　French　has　solemnly　disclaimed　any　purpose　to　impose　on
  Mexico　a　form　of　government　not　acceptable　to　the　nation。。。。〃
  In　January；　1864；　hope　of　recognition　through　support　of
  Napoleon's　Mexican　policy　moved　the　Confederate　Congress　to　adopt
  resolutions　providing　for　a　Minister　to　the　Mexican　Empire　and
  giving　him　instructions　with　regard　to　a　presumptive　treaty。　To
  the　new　post　Davis　appointed　General　William　Preston。
  But　what；　while　hope　was　springing　high　in　America；　was　taking
  place　in　France？　So　far　as　the　world　could　say；　there　was　little
  if　anything　to　disturb　the　Confederates；　and　yet；　on　the　horizon；
  a　cloud　the　size　of　a　man's　hand　had　appeared。　M。　Arman　had
  turned　to　another　member　of　the　Legislative　Assembly；　a　sound
  Bonapartist　like　himself；　M。　Voruz；　of　Nantes；　to　whom　he　had
  sublet　a　part　of　the　Confederate　contract。　The　truth　about　the
  ships　and　their　destination　thus　became　part　of　the　archives　of
  the　Voruz　firm。　No　phase　of　Napoleonic　intrigue　could　go　very　far
  without　encountering　dishonesty；　and　to　the　confidential　clerk　of
  M。　Voruz　there　occurred　the　bright　idea　of　doing　something　for
  himself　with　this　valuable　diplomatic　information。　One　fine　day
  the　clerk　was　missing　and　with　him　certain　papers。　Then　there
  ensued　a　period　of　months　during　which　the　firm　and　their
  employers　could　only　conjecture　the　full　extent　of　their　loss。
  In　reality；　from　the　Confederate　point　of　view；　everything　was
  lost。　Again　the　episode　becomes　too　complex　to　be　followed　in
  detail。　Suffice　it　to　say　that　the　papers　were　sold　to　the　United
  States；　that　the　secret　was　exposed；　that　the　United　States　made
  a　determined　assault　upon　the　Imperial　Government。　In　the　midst
  of　this　entanglement；　Slidell　lost　his　head；　for　hope　deferred
  when　apparently　within　reach　of　its　end　is　a　dangerous　councilor
  of　state。　In　his　extreme　anxiety；　Slidell　sent　to　the　Emperor　a
  note　the　blunt　rashness　of　which　the　writer　could　not　have
  appreciated。　Saying　that　he　feared　the　Emperor's　subordinates
  might　play　into　the　hands　of　Washington；　he　threw　his　fat　in　the
  fire　by　speaking　of　the　ships　as　〃now　being　constructed　at
  Bordeaux　and　Nantes　for　the　government　of　the　Confederate　States〃
  and　virtually　claimed　of　Napoleon　a　promise　to　let　them　go　to
  sea。　Three　days　later　the　Minister　of　Foreign　Affairs　took　him
  sharply　to　task　because　of　this　note；　reminding　him　that　〃what
  had　passed　with　the　Emperor　was　confidential〃　and　dropping　the
  significant　hint　that　France　could　not　be　forced　into　war　by
  〃indirection。〃　According　to　Slidell's　version　of　the　interview
  〃the　Minister's　tone　changed　completely〃　when　Slidell　replied
  with　〃a　detailed　history　of　the　affair　showing　that　the　idea
  originated　with　the　Emperor。〃　Perhaps　the　Minister　knew　more　than
  he　chose　to　betray。　From　this　hour　the　game　was　up。　Napoleon's
  purpose　all　along　seems　to　have　been　quite　plain。　He　meant　to
  help　the　South　to　win　by　itself；　and；　after　it　had　won；　to　use　it
  for　his　own　advantage。　So　precarious　was　his　position　in　Europe
  that　he　dared　not　risk　an　American　war　without　England's　aid；　and
  England　had　cast　the　die。　In　this　way；　secrecy　was　the　condition
  necessary　to　continued　building　of　the　ships。　Now　that　the　secret
  was　out；　Napoleon　began　to　shift　his　ground。　He　sounded　the
  Washington　Government　and　found　it　suspiciously　equivocal　as　to
  Mexico。　To　silence　the　French　republicans；　to　whom　the　American
  minister　had　supplied　information　about　the　ships；　Napoleon　tried
  at　first　muzzling　the　press。　But　as　late　as　February；　1864；　he
  was　still　carrying　water　on　both　shoulders。　His　Minister　of
  Marine　notified　the　builders　that　they　must　get　the　ships　out　of
  France；　unarmed；　under　fictitious　sale　to　some　neutral　country。
  The　next　month；　reports　which　the　Confederate　commissioners　sent
  home　became　distinctly　alarming。　Mann　wrote　from　Brussels：
  〃Napoleon　has　enjoined　upon　Maximilian　to　hold　no　official
  relations　with　our　commissioners　in　Mexico。〃　Shortly　after　this
  Slidell　received　a　shock　that　was　the　beginning　of　the　end：
  Maximilian；　on　passing　through　Paris　on　his　way　to　Mexico；
  refused　to　receive　him。
  The　Mexican　project　was　now　being　condemned　by　all　classes　in
  France。　Nevertheless；　the　Government　was　trying　to　float　a
  Mexican　loan；　and　it　is　hardly　fanciful　to　think　that　on　this
  loan　the　last　hope　of　the　Confederacy　turned。　Despite　the　popular
  attitude　toward　Mexico；　the　loan　was　going　well　when　the　House　of
  Representatives　of　the　United　States　dealt　the　Confederacy　a
  staggering　blow。　It　passed　unanimous　resolutions　in　the　most　grim
  terms；　denouncing　the　substitution　of　monarchical　for　republican
  government　in　Mexico　under　European　auspices。　When　this　action
  was　reported　in　France；　the　Mexican　loan　collapsed。
  Napoleon's　Italian　policy　was　now　moving　rapidly　toward　the
  crisis　which　it　reached　during　the　following　summer　when　he
  surrendered　to　the　opposition　and　promised　to　withdraw　the　French
  troops　from　Rome。　In　May；　when　the　loan　collapsed；　there　was
  nothing　for　it　but　to　throw　over　his　dear　friends　of　the
  Confederacy。　Presently　he　had　summoned　Arman　before　him；　〃rated
  him　severely；〃　and　ordered　him　to　make　bona　fide　sales　of　the
  ships　to　neutral　powers。　The　Minister　of　Marine　professed
  surprise　and　indignation　at　Arman's　trifling　with　the　neutrality
  of　the　Imperial　Government。　And　that　practically　was　the　end　of
  the　episode。
  Equally　complete　was　the　breakdown　of　the　Confederate
  negotiations　with　Mexico。　General　Preston　was　refused
  recognition。　In　those　fierce　days　of　July　when　the　fate　of
  Atlanta　was　in　the　balance；　the　pride　and　despair　of　the
  Confederate　Government　flared　up　in　a　haughty　letter　to　Preston
  reminding　him　that　〃it　had　never　been　the　intention　of　this
  Government　to　offer　any　arguments　to　the　new　Government　of　Mexico
  。。。nor　to　place　itself　in　any　attitude　other　than　that　of
  complete　equality；〃　and　directing　him　to　make　no　further
  overtures　to　the　Mexican　Emperor。
  And　then　came　the　debacle　in　Georgia。　On　that　same　20th　of
  September　when　Benjamin　poured　out　in　a　letter　to　Slidell　his
  stored…up　bitterness　denouncing　Napoleon；　Davis；　feeling　the　last
  crisis　was　upon　him；　left　Richmond　to　join　the　army　in　Georgia。
  His　frame　of　mind　he　had　already　expressed　when　he　said；　〃We　have
  no　friends　abroad。〃
  Chapter　IX。　Desperate　Remedies
  The　loss　of　Atlanta　was　the　signal　for　another　conflict　of
  authority　within　the　Confederacy。　Georgia　was　now　in　the
  condition　in　which　Alabama　had　found　herself　in　the　previous
  year。　A　great　mobile　army　of　invaders　lay　encamped　on　her