and　had　stolen　the　family　plate　when　he　returned　to　Paris　to
  report　to　his　government　upon　the　enthusiasm　with　which　the
  ‘‘liberated　country''　had　received　the　Constitution；　which　the
  French　people　had　presented　to　their　good　neighbours。
  When　they　had　heard　how　the　last　outbreak　of　revolutionary
  disorder　in　Paris　had　been　suppressed　by　a　young　officer；　called
  Bonaparte；　or　Buonaparte；　who　had　turned　his　guns　upon　the
  mob；　they　gave　a　sigh　of　relief。　A　little　less　liberty；　fraternity
  and　equality　seemed　a　very　desirable　thing。　But　ere　long；　the
  young　officer　called　Buonaparte　or　Bonaparte　became　one　of
  the　three　consuls　of　the　French　Republic；　then　sole　consul　and
  finally　Emperor。　As　he　was　much　more　efficient　than　any
  ruler　that　had　ever　been　seen　before；　his　hand　pressed　heavily
  upon　his　poor　subjects。　He　showed　them　no　mercy。　He　impressed
  their　sons　into　his　armies；　he　married　their　daughters
  to　his　generals　and　he　took　their　pictures　and　their　statues　to
  enrich　his　own　museums。　He　turned　the　whole　of　Europe
  into　an　armed　camp　and　killed　almost　an　entire　generation　of
  men。
  Now　he　was　gone；　and　the　people　（except　a　few　professional
  military　men）　had　but　one　wish。　They　wanted　to　be　let　alone。
  For　awhile　they　had　been　allowed　to　rule　themselves；　to　vote
  for　mayors　and　aldermen　and　judges。　The　system　had　been　a
  terrible　failure。　The　new　rulers　had　been　inexperienced　and
  extravagant。　From　sheer　despair　the　people　turned　to　the
  representative　men　of　the　old　Regime。　‘‘You　rule　us；''　they
  said；　‘‘as　you　used　to　do。　Tell　us　what　we　owe　you　for　taxes
  and　leave　us　alone。　We　are　busy　repairing　the　damage　of　the
  age　of　liberty。''
  The　men　who　stage…managed　the　famous　congress　certainly
  did　their　best　to　satisfy　this　longing　for　rest　and　quiet。
  The　Holy　Alliance；　the　main　result　of　the　Congress；　made　the
  policeman　the　most　important　dignitary　of　the　State　and　held
  out　the　most　terrible　punishment　to　those　who　dared　criticise　a
  single　official　act。
  Europe　had　peace；　but　it　was　the　peace　of　the　cemetery。
  The　three　most　important　men　at　Vienna　were　the　Emperor
  Alexander　of　Russia；　Metternich；　who　represented　the
  interests　of　the　Austrian　house　of　Habsburg；　and　Talleyrand；
  the　erstwhile　bishop　of　Autun；　who　had　managed　to　live
  through　the　different　changes　in　the　French　government　by
  the　sheer　force　of　his　cunning　and　his　intelligence　and　who
  now　travelled　to　the　Austrian　capital　to　save　for　his　country
  whatever　could　be　saved　from　the　Napoleonic　ruin。　Like　the
  gay　young　man　of　the　limerick；　who　never　knew　when　he　was
  slighted；　this　unbidden　guest　came　to　the　party　and　ate　just　as
  heartily　as　if　he　had　been　really　invited。　Indeed；　before　long；
  he　was　sitting　at　the　head　of　the　table　entertaining　everybody
  with　his　amusing　stories　and　gaining　the　company's　good　will
  by　the　charm　of　his　manner。
  Before　he　had　been　in　Vienna　twenty…four　hours　he　knew
  that　the　allies　were　divided　into　two　hostile　camps。　On　the
  one　side　were　Russia；　who　wanted　to　take　Poland；　and　Prussia；
  who　wanted　to　annex　Saxony；　and　on　the　other　side　were
  Austria　and　England；　who　were　trying　to　prevent　this　grab
  because　it　was　against　their　own　interest　that　either　Prussia　or
  Russia　should　be　able　to　dominate　Europe。　Talleyrand　played
  the　two　sides　against　each　other　with　great　skill　and　it　was　due
  to　his　efforts　that　the　French　people　were　not　made　to　suffer
  for　the　ten　years　of　oppression　which　Europe　had　endured　at
  the　hands　of　the　Imperial　officials。　He　argued　that　the　French
  people　had　been　given　no　choice　in　the　matter。　Napoleon　had
  forced　them　to　act　at　his　bidding。　But　Napoleon　was　gone　and
  Louis　XVIII　was　on　the　throne。　‘‘Give　him　a　chance；''　Talleyrand
  pleaded。　And　the　Allies；　glad　to　see　a　legitimate　king
  upon　the　throne　of　a　revolutionary　country；　obligingly　yielded
  and　the　Bourbons　were　given　their　chance；　of　which　they
  made　such　use　that　they　were　driven　out　after　fifteen　years。
  The　second　man　of　the　triumvirate　of　Vienna　was　Metternich；
  the　Austrian　prime　minister；　the　leader　of　the　foreign
  policy　of　the　house　of　Habsburg。　Wenzel　Lothar；　Prince　of
  Metternich…Winneburg；　was　exactly　what　the　name　suggests。
  He　was　a　Grand　Seigneur；　a　very　handsome　gentleman　with
  very　fine　manners；　immensely　rich；　and　very　able；　but　the
  product　of　a　society　which　lived　a　thousand　miles　away　from
  the　sweating　multitudes　who　worked　and　slaved　in　the　cities
  and　on　the　farms。　As　a　young　man；　Metternich　had　been
  studying　at　the　University　of　Strassburg　when　the　French
  Revolution　broke　out。　Strassburg；　the　city　which　gave　birth
  to　the　Marseillaise；　had　been　a　centre　of　Jacobin　activities。
  Metternich　remembered　that　his　pleasant　social　life　had　been
  sadly　interrupted；　that　a　lot　of　incompetent　citizens　had　suddenly
  been　called　forth　to　perform　tasks　for　which　they　were
  not　fit；　that　the　mob　had　celebrated　the　dawn　of　the　new　liberty
  by　the　murder　of　perfectly　innocent　persons。　He　had　failed　to
  see　the　honest　enthusiasm　of　the　masses；　the　ray　of　hope　in　the
  eyes　of　women　and　children　who　carried　bread　and　water　to
  the　ragged　troops　of　the　Convention；　marching　through　the
  city　on　their　way　to　the　front　and　a　glorious　death　for　the
  French　Fatherland。
  The　whole　thing　had　filled　the　young　Austrian　with　disgust。
  It　was　uncivilised。　If　there　were　any　fighting　to　be　done　it
  must　be　done　by　dashing　young　men　in　lovely　uniforms；　charging
  across　the　green　fields　on　well…groomed　horses。　But　to
  turn　an　entire　country　into　an　evil…smelling　armed　camp　where
  tramps　were　overnight　promoted　to　be　generals；　that　was　both
  wicked　and　senseless。　‘‘See　what　came　of　all　your　fine　ideas；''
  he　would　say　to　the　French　diplomats　whom　he　met　at　a　quiet
  little　dinner　given　by　one　of　the　innumerable　Austrian　grand…
  dukes。　‘‘You　wanted　liberty；　equality　and　fraternity　and　you
  got　Napoleon。　How　much　better　it　would　have　been　if　you
  had　been　contented　with　the　existing　order　of　things。''　And
  he　would　explain　his　system　of　‘‘stability。''　He　would　advocate
  a　return　to　the　normalcy　of　the　good　old　days　before　the
  war；　when　everybody　was　happy　and　nobody　talked　nonsense
  about　‘‘everybody　being　as　good　as　everybody　else。''　In　this
  attitude　he　was　entirely　sincere　and　as　he　was　an　able　man　of
  great　strength　of　will　and　a　tremendous　power　of　persuasion；
  he　was　one　of　the　most　dangerous　enemies　of　the　Revolutionary
  ideas。　He　did　not　die　until　the　year　1859；　and　he　therefore
  lived　long　enough　to　see　the　complete　failure　of　all　his　policies
  when　they　were　swept　aside　by　the　revolution　of　the　year　1848。
  He　then　found　himself　the　most　hated　man　of　Europe　and
  more　than　once　ran　the　risk　of　being　lynched　by　angry　crowds
  of　outraged　citizens。　But　until　the　very　last；　he　remained　steadfast
  in　his　belief　that　he　had　done　the　right　thing。
  He　had　always　been　convinced　that　people　preferred　peace
  to　liberty　and　he　had　tried　to　give　them　what　was　best　for　them。
  And　in　all　fairness；　it　ought　to　be　said　that　his　efforts　to
  establish　universal　peace　were　fairly　successful。　The　great　powers
  did　not　fly　at　each　other's　throat　for　almost　forty　years；　indeed
  not　until　the　Crimean　war　between　Russia　and　England；
  France　and　Italy　and　Turkey；　in　the　year　1854。　That　means
  a　record　for　the　European　continent。
  The　third　hero　of　this　waltzing　congress　was　the　Emperor
  Alexander。　He　had　been　brought　up　at　the　court　of　his　grand…
  mother；　the　famous　Catherine　the　Great。　Between　the　lessons
  of　this　shrewd　old　woman；　who　taught　him　to　regard　the　glory
  of　Russia　as　the　most　important　thing　in　life；　and　those　of　his
  private　tutor；　a　Swiss　admirer　of　Voltaire　and　Rousseau；　who
  filled　his　mind　with　a　general　love　of　humanity；　the　boy　grew
  up　to　be　a　strange　mixture　of　a　selfish　tyrant　and　a　sentimental
  revolutionist。　He　had　suffered　great　indignities　during　the
  life　of　his　crazy　father；　Paul　I。　He　had　been　obliged　to　wit…
  ness　the　wholesale　slaughter　of　the　Napoleonic　battle…fields。
  Then　the　tide　had　turned。　His　armies　had　won　the　day　for　the
  Allies。　Russia　had　become　the　saviour　of　Europe　and　the　Tsar
  of　this　mighty　people　was　acclaimed　as　a　half…god　who　would
  cure　the　world　of　its　many　ills。
  But　Alexander　was　not　very　clever。　He　did　not　know
  men　and　women　as　Talleyrand　and　Metternich　knew　them。
  He　did　not　understand　the　strange　game　of　diplomacy。　He
  was　vain　（who　would　not　be　under　the　circumstances？）　and
  loved　to　hear　the　applause　of　the　multitude　and　soon　he　had
  become　the　main　‘‘attraction''　of　the　Congress　while　Metternich
  and　Talleyrand　and　Castlereagh　（the　very　able　British
  representative）　sat　around　a　table　and　drank　a　bottle　of　Tokay
  and　decided　what　was　actually　going　to　be　done。　They　needed
  Russia　and　therefore　they　were　very　polite　to　Alexander；　but
  the　less　he　had　personally　to　do　with　the　actual　work　of　the
  Congress；　the　better　they　were　pleased。　They　even　encouraged
  his　plans