and　Greek　antiquities；　disappeared　from　the　scene　and
  their　place　was　taken　by　serious　men　who　spent　twenty　hours
  a　day　administering　those　holy　duties　which　had　been　placed
  in　their　hands。
  The　long　and　rather　disgraceful　happiness　of　the　monasteries
  came　to　an　end。　Monks　and　nuns　were　forced　to　be　up
  at　sunrise；　to　study　the　Church　Fathers；　to　tend　the　sick　and
  console　the　dying。　The　Holy　Inquisition　watched　day　and
  night　that　no　dangerous　doctrines　should　be　spread　by　way　of
  the　printing　press。　Here　it　is　customary　to　mention　poor
  Galileo；　who　was　locked　up　because　he　had　been　a　little　too
  indiscreet　in　explaining　the　heavens　with　his　funny　little
  telescope　and　had　muttered　certain　opinions　about　the　behaviour
  of　the　planets　which　were　entirely　opposed　to　the　official　views
  of　the　church。　But　in　all　fairness　to　the　Pope；　the　clergy　and
  the　Inquisition；　it　ought　to　be　stated　that　the　Protestants　were
  quite　as　much　the　enemies　of　science　and　medicine　as　the　Catholics
  and　with　equal　manifestations　of　ignorance　and　intolerance
  regarded　the　men　who　investigated　things　for　themselves
  as　the　most　dangerous　enemies　of　mankind。
  And　Calvin；　the　great　French　reformer　and　the　tyrant
  （both　political　and　spiritual）　of　Geneva；　not　only　assisted　the
  French　authorities　when　they　tried　to　hang　Michael　Servetus
  （the　Spanish　theologian　and　physician　who　had　become　famous
  as　the　assistant　of　Vesalius；　the　first　great　anatomist）；　but
  when　Servetus　had　managed　to　escape　from　his　French　jail　and
  had　fled　to　Geneva；　Calvin　threw　this　brilliant　man　into　prison
  and　after　a　prolonged　trial；　allowed　him　to　be　burned　at　the
  stake　on　account　of　his　heresies；　totally　indifferent　to　his　fame
  as　a　scientist。
  And　so　it　went。　We　have　few　reliable　statistics　upon　the
  subject；　but　on　the　whole；　the　Protestants　tired　of　this　game
  long　before　the　Catholics；　and　the　greater　part　of　honest　men
  and　women　who　were　burned　and　hanged　and　decapitated　on
  account　of　their　religious　beliefs　fell　as　victims　of　the　very
  energetic　but　also　very　drastic　church　of　Rome。
  For　tolerance　（and　please　remember　this　when　you　grow
  older）；　is　of　very　recent　origin　and　even　the　people　of　our　own
  so…called　‘‘modern　world''　are　apt　to　be　tolerant　only　upon　such
  matters　as　do　not　interest　them　very　much。　They　are　tolerant
  towards　a　native　of　Africa；　and　do　not　care　whether　he　becomes
  a　Buddhist　or　a　Mohammedan；　because　neither　Buddhism　nor
  Mohammedanism　means　anything　to　them。　But　when　they
  hear　that　their　neighbour　who　was　a　Republican　and　believed
  in　a　high　protective　tariff；　has　joined　the　Socialist　party　and
  now　wants　to　repeal　all　tariff　laws；　their　tolerance　ceases　and
  they　use　almost　the　same　words　as　those　employed　by　a　kindly
  Catholic　（or　Protestant）　of　the　seventeenth　century；　who　was
  informed　that　his　best　friend　whom　he　had　always　respected
  and　loved　had　fallen　a　victim　to　the　terrible　heresies　of　the
  Protestant　（or　Catholic）　church。
  ‘‘Heresy''　until　a　very　short　time　ago　was　regarded　as　a
  disease。　Nowadays　when　we　see　a　man　neglecting　the　personal
  cleanliness　of　his　body　and　his　home　and　exposing　himself
  and　his　children　to　the　dangers　of　typhoid　fever　or　another
  preventable　disease；　we　send　for　the　board…of…health　and　the
  health　officer　calls　upon　the　police　to　aid　him　in　removing　this
  person　who　is　a　danger　to　the　safety　of　the　entire　community。
  In　the　sixteenth　and　seventeenth　centuries；　a　heretic；　a　man
  or　a　woman　who　openly　doubted　the　fundamental　principles
  upon　which　his　Protestant　or　Catholic　religion　had　been
  founded；　was　considered　a　more　terrible　menace　than　a　typhoid
  carrier。　Typhoid　fever　might　（very　likely　would）　destroy　the
  body。　But　heresy；　according　to　them；　would　positively　destroy
  the　immortal　soul。　It　was　therefore　the　duty　of　all　good　and
  logical　citizens　to　warn　the　police　against　the　enemies　of　the
  established　order　of　things　and　those　who　failed　to　do　so　were
  as　culpable　as　a　modern　man　who　does　not　telephone　to　the
  nearest　doctor　when　he　discovers　that　his　fellow…tenants　are
  suffering　from　cholera　or　small…pox。
  In　the　years　to　come　you　will　hear　a　great　deal　about
  preventive　medicine。　Preventive　medicine　simply　means　that　our
  doctors　do　not　wait　until　their　patients　are　sick；　then　step
  forward　and　cure　them。　On　the　contrary；　they　study　the　patient
  and　the　conditions　under　which　he　lives　when　he　（the　patient）
  is　perfectly　well　and　they　remove　every　possible　cause　of　illness
  by　cleaning　up　rubbish；　by　teaching　him　what　to　eat　and　what
  to　avoid；　and　by　giving　him　a　few　simple　ideas　of　personal
  hygiene。　They　go　even　further　than　that；　and　these　good
  doctors　enter　the　schools　and　teach　the　children　how　to　use
  tooth…brushes　and　how　to　avoid　catching　colds。
  The　sixteenth　century　which　regarded　（as　I　have　tried　to
  show　you）　bodily　illness　as　much　less　important　than　sickness
  which　threatened　the　soul；　organised　a　system　of　spiritual
  preventive　medicine。　As　soon　as　a　child　was　old　enough　to　spell
  his　first　words；　he　was　educated　in　the　true　（and　the　‘‘only
  true''）　principles　of　the　Faith。　Indirectly　this　proved　to　be　a
  good　thing　for　the　general　progress　of　the　people　of　Europe。
  The　Protestant　lands　were　soon　dotted　with　schools。　They
  used　a　great　deal　of　very　valuable　time　to　explain　the　Catechism；
  but　they　gave　instruction　in　other　things　besides　theology。
  They　encouraged　reading　and　they　were　responsible
  for　the　great　prosperity　of　the　printing　trade。
  But　the　Catholics　did　not　lag　behind。　They　too　devoted
  much　time　and　thought　to　education。　The　Church；　in　this　matter；
  found　an　invaluable　friend　and　ally　in　the　newly…founded
  order　of　the　Society　of　Jesus。　The　founder　of　this　remarkable
  organisation　was　a　Spanish　soldier　who　after　a　life　of　unholy
  adventures　had　been　converted　and　thereupon　felt　himself
  bound　to　serve　the　church　just　as　many　former　sinners；　who
  have　been　shown　the　errors　of　their　way　by　the　Salvation　Army；
  devote　the　remaining　years　of　their　lives　to　the　task　of　aiding
  and　consoling　those　who　are　less　fortunate。
  The　name　of　this　Spaniard　was　Ignatius　de　Loyola。　He
  was　born　in　the　year　before　the　discovery　of　America。　He　had
  been　wounded　and　lamed　for　life　and　while　he　was　in　the　hospital
  he　had　seen　a　vision　of　the　Holy　Virgin　and　her　Son；　who
  bade　him　give　up　the　wickedness　of　his　former　life。　He　decided
  to　go　to　the　Holy　Land　and　finish　the　task　of　the　Crusades。
  But　a　visit　to　Jerusalem　had　shown　him　the　impossibility
  of　the　task　and　he　returned　west　to　help　in　the　warfare
  upon　the　heresies　of　the　Lutherans。
  In　the　year　1534　he　was　studying　in　Paris　at　the　Sorbonne。
  Together　with　seven　other　students　he　founded　a　fraternity。
  The　eight　men　promised　each　other　that　they　would　lead　holy
  lives；　that　they　would　not　strive　after　riches　but　after　righteousness；
  and　would　devote　themselves；　body　and　soul；　to　the　service
  of　the　Church。　A　few　years　later　this　small　fraternity
  had　grown　into　a　regular　organisation　and　was　recognised　by
  Pope　Paul　III　as　the　Society　of　Jesus。
  Loyola　had　been　a　military　man。　He　believed　in　discipline；
  and　absolute　obedience　to　the　orders　of　the　superior　dignitaries
  became　one　of　the　main　causes　for　the　enormous　success　of　the
  Jesuits。　They　specialised　in　education。　They　gave　their
  teachers　a　most　thorough…going　education　before　they　allowed
  them　to　talk　to　a　single　pupil。　They　lived　with　their　students
  and　they　entered　into　their　games。　They　watched　them　with
  tender　care。　And　as　a　result　they　raised　a　new　generation　of
  faithful　Catholics　who　took　their　religious　duties　as　seriously
  as　the　people　of　the　early　Middle　Ages。
  The　shrewd　Jesuits；　however；　did　not　waste　all　their　efforts
  upon　the　education　of　the　poor。　They　entered　the　palaces
  of　the　mighty　and　became　the　private　tutors　of　future　emperors
  and　kings。　And　what　this　meant　you　will　see　for　yourself
  when　I　tell　you　about　the　Thirty　Years　War。　But　before
  this　terrible　and　final　outbreak　of　religious　fanaticism；　a　great
  many　other　things　had　happened。
  Charles　V　was　dead。　Germany　and　Austria　had　been　left
  to　his　brother　Ferdinand。　All　his　other　possessions；　Spain　and
  the　Netherlands　and　the　Indies　and　America　had　gone　to　his
  son　Philip。　Philip　was　the　son　of　Charles　and　a　Portuguese
  princess　who　had　been　first　cousin　to　her　own　husband。　The
  children　that　are　born　of　such　a　union　are　apt　to　be　rather
  queer。　The　son　of　Philip；　the　unfortunate　Don　Carlos；　（murdered
  afterwards　with　his　own　father's　consent；）　was　crazy。
  Philip　was　not　quite　crazy；　but　his　zeal　for　the　Church　bordered
  closely　upon　religious　insanity。　He　believed　that　Heaven　had
  appointed　him　as　one　of　the　saviours　of　mankind。　Therefore；
  whosoever　was　obstinate　and　refused　to　share　his　Majesty's
  views；　proclaimed　himself　an　enemy　of　the　human　race　and
  must　be　exterminated　lest　his　example　corrupt　the　souls　of
  his　pious　neighbo