of　Hoo…doo　worship。
  Mohammed　decided　to　be　the　Moses　of　the　Arab　people。　He
  could　not　well　be　a　prophet　and　a　camel…driver　at　the　same　time。
  So　he　made　himself　independent　by　marrying　his　employer；　the
  rich　widow　Chadija。　Then　he　told　his　neighbours　in　Mecca
  that　he　was　the　long…expected　prophet　sent　by　Allah　to　save　the
  world。　The　neighbours　laughed　most　heartily　and　when　Mohammed
  continued　to　annoy　them　with　his　speeches　they　decided　to　kill　him。
  They　regarded　him　as　a　lunatic　and　a　public　bore　who　deserved　no　mercy。
  Mohammed　heard　of　the　plot　and　in　the　dark　of　night　he　fled　to　Medina
  together　with　Abu　Bekr；　his　trusted　pupil。　This　happened
  in　the　year　622。　It　is　the　most　important　date　in　Mohammedan
  history　and　is　known　as　the　Hegirathe　year　of　the　Great　Flight。
  In　Medina；　Mohammed；　who　was　a　stranger；　found　it　easier
  to　proclaim　himself　a　prophet　than　in　his　home　city；　where
  every　one　had　known　him　as　a　simple　camel…driver。　Soon　he
  was　surrounded　by　an　increasing　number　of　followers；　or
  Moslems；　who　accepted　the　Islam；　‘‘the　submission　to　the　will
  of　God；''　which　Mohammed　praised　as　the　highest　of　all　virtues。
  For　seven　years　he　preached　to　the　people　of　Medina。　Then
  he　believed　himself　strong　enough　to　begin　a　campaign　against
  his　former　neighbours　who　had　dared　to　sneer　at　him　and　his
  Holy　Mission　in　his　old　camel…driving　days。　At　the　head　of
  an　army　of　Medinese　he　marched　across　the　desert。　His　followers
  took　Mecca　without　great　difficulty；　and　having　slaughtered
  a　number　of　the　inhabitants；　they　found　it　quite　easy　to
  convince　the　others　that　Mohammed　was　really　a　great　prophet。
  From　that　time　on　until　the　year　of　his　death；　Mohammed
  was　fortunate　in　everything　he　undertook。
  There　are　two　reasons　for　the　success　of　Islam。　In　the
  first　place；　the　creed　which　Mohammed　taught　to　his　followers
  was　very　simple。　The　disciples　were　told　that　they　must　love
  Allah；　the　Ruler　of　the　World；　the　Merciful　and　Compassionate。
  They　must　honour　and　obey　their　parents。　They
  were　warned　against　dishonesty　in　dealing　with　their　neighbours
  and　were　admonished　to　be　humble　and　charitable；　to　the
  poor　and　to　the　sick。　Finally　they　were　ordered　to　abstain
  from　strong　drink　and　to　be　very　frugal　in　what　they　ate。　That
  was　all。　There　were　no　priests；　who　acted　as　shepherds　of
  their　flocks　and　asked　that　they　be　supported　at　the　common
  expense。　The　Mohammedan　churches　or　mosques　were　merely
  large　stone　halls　without　benches　or　pictures；　where　the　faithful
  could　gather　（if　they　felt　so　inclined）　to　read　and　discuss
  chapters　from　the　Koran；　the　Holy　Book。　But　the　average
  Mohammedan　carried　his　religion　with　him　and　never　felt
  himself　hemmed　in　by　the　restrictions　and　regulations　of　an
  established　church。　Five　times　a　day　he　turned　his　face　towards
  Mecca；　the　Holy　City；　and　said　a　simple　prayer。　For　the
  rest　of　the　time　he　let　Allah　rule　the　world　as　he　saw　fit　and
  accepted　whatever　fate　brought　him　with　patient　resignation。
  Of　course　such　an　attitude　towards　life　did　not　encourage
  the　Faithful　to　go　forth　and　invent　electrical　machinery　or
  bother　about　railroads　and　steamship　lines。　But　it　gave　every
  Mohammedan　a　certain　amount　of　contentment。　It　bade
  him　be　at　peace　with　himself　and　with　the　world　in　which　he
  lived　and　that　was　a　very　good　thing。
  The　second　reason　which　explains　the　success　of　the　Moslems
  in　their　warfare　upon　the　Christians；　had　to　do　with　the
  conduct　of　those　Mohammedan　soldiers　who　went　forth　to　do
  battle　for　the　true　faith。　The　Prophet　promised　that　those
  who　fell；　facing　the　enemy；　would　go　directly　to　Heaven。
  This　made　sudden　death　in　the　field　preferable　to　a　long　but
  dreary　existence　upon　this　earth。　It　gave　the　Mohammedans
  an　enormous　advantage　over　the　Crusaders　who　were　in　constant
  dread　of　a　dark　hereafter；　and　who　stuck　to　the　good
  things　of　this　world　as　long　as　they　possibly　could。　Incidentally
  it　explains　why　even　to…day　Moslem　soldiers　will　charge
  into　the　fire　of　European　machine　guns　quite　indifferent　to
  the　fate　that　awaits　them　and　why　they　are　such　dangerous
  and　persistent　enemies。
  Having　put　his　religious　house　in　order；　Mohammed　now
  began　to　enjoy　his　power　as　the　undisputed　ruler　of　a　large
  number　of　Arab　tribes。　But　success　has　been　the　undoing　of
  a　large　number　of　men　who　were　great　in　the　days　of　adversity。
  He　tried　to　gain　the　good　will　of　the　rich　people　by　a　number
  of　regulations　which　could　appeal　to　those　of　wealth。
  He　allowed　the　Faithful　to　have　four　wives。　As　one　wife
  was　a　costly　investment　in　those　olden　days　when　brides　were
  bought　directly　from　the　parents；　four　wives　became　a　positive
  luxury　except　to　those　who　possessed　camels　and　dromedaries
  and　date　orchards　beyond　the　dreams　of　avarice。　A　religion
  which　at　first　had　been　meant　for　the　hardy　hunters　of　the
  high　skied　desert　was　gradually　transformed　to　suit　the　needs
  of　the　smug　merchants　who　lived　in　the　bazaars　of　the　cities。
  It　was　a　regrettable　change　from　the　original　program　and　it
  did　very　little　good　to　the　cause　of　Mohammedanism。　As　for
  the　prophet　himself；　he　went　on　preaching　the　truth　of　Allah
  and　proclaiming　new　rules　of　conduct　until　he　died；　quite
  suddenly；　of　a　fever　on　June　the　seventh　of　the　year　632。
  His　successor　as　Caliph　（or　leader）　of　the　Moslems　was
  his　father…in…law；　Abu…Bekr；　who　had　shared　the　early　dangers
  of　the　prophet's　life。　Two　years　later；　Abu…Bekr　died　and
  Omar　ibn　Al…Khattab　followed　him。　In　less　than　ten　years
  he　conquered　Egypt；　Persia；　Phoenicia；　Syria　and　Palestine
  and　made　Damascus　the　capital　of　the　first　Mohammedan　world
  empire。
  Omar　was　succeeded　by　Ali；　the　husband　of　Mohammed's
  daughter；　Fatima；　but　a　quarrel　broke　out　upon　a　point　of
  Moslem　doctrine　and　Ali　was　murdered。　After　his　death；
  the　caliphate　was　made　hereditary　and　the　leaders　of　the　faithful
  who　had　begun　their　career　as　the　spiritual　head　of　a　religious
  sect　became　the　rulers　of　a　vast　empire。　They　built
  a　new　city　on　the　shores　of　the　Euphrates；　near　the　ruins　of
  Babylon　and　called　it　Bagdad；　and　organising　the　Arab　horsemen
  into　regiments　of　cavalry；　they　set　forth　to　bring　the
  happiness　of　their　Moslem　faith　to　all　unbelievers。　In　the
  year　700　A。D。　a　Mohammedan　general　by　the　name　of　Tarik
  crossed　the　old　gates　of　Hercules　and　reached　the　high　rock
  on　the　European　side　which　he　called　the　Gibel…al…tarik；　the
  Hill　of　Tarik　or　Gibraltar。
  Eleven　years　later　in　the　battle　of　Xeres　de　la　Frontera；
  he　defeated　the　king　of　the　Visigoths　and　then　the　Moslem
  army　moved　northward　and　following　the　route　of　Hannibal；
  they　crossed　the　passes　of　the　Pyrenees。　They　defeated　the
  Duke　of　Aquitania；　who　tried　to　halt　them　near　Bordeaux；
  and　marched　upon　Paris。　But　in　the　year　732　（one
  hundred　years　after　the　death　of　the　prophet；）　they　were
  beaten　in　a　battle　between　Tours　and　Poitiers。　On　that
  day；　Charles　Martel　（Charles　with　the　Hammer）　the　Frankish
  chieftain；　saved　Europe　from　a　Mohammedan　con…
  quest。　He　drove　the　Moslems　out　of　France；　but　they　maintained
  themselves　in　Spain　where　Abd…ar…Rahman　founded　the
  Caliphate　of　Cordova；　which　became　the　greatest　centre　of
  science　and　art　of　mediaeval　Europe。
  This　Moorish　kingdom；　so…called　because　the　people　came
  from　Mauretania　in　Morocco；　lasted　seven　centuries。　It　was
  only　after　the　capture　of　Granada；　the　last　Moslem　stronghold；
  in　the　year　1492；　that　Columbus　received　the　royal　grant　which
  allowed　him　to　go　upon　a　voyage　of　discovery。　The　Mohammedans
  soon　regained　their　strength　in　the　new　conquests
  which　they　made　in　Asia　and　Africa　and　to…day　there　are　as
  many　followers　of　Mohammed　as　there　are　of　Christ。
  CHARLEMAGNE
  HOW　CHARLEMAGNE；　THE　KING　OF　THE
  FRANKS；　CAME　TO　BEAR　THE　TITLE　OF
  EMPEROR　AND　TRIED　TO　REVIVE　THE　OLD
  IDEAL　OF　WORLD…EMPIRE
  THE　battle　of　Poitiers　had　saved　Europe　from　the
  Mohammedans。　But　the　enemy　withinthe　hopeless　disorder
  which　had　followed　the　disappearance　of　the　Roman　police
  officerthat　enemy　remained。　It　is　true　that　the　new　converts
  of　the　Christian　faith　in　Northern　Europe　felt　a　deep　respect
  for　the　mighty　Bishop　of　Rome。　But　that　poor　bishop　did
  not　feel　any　too　safe　when　he　looked　toward　the　distant
  mountains。　Heaven　knew　what　fresh　hordes　of　barbarians　were
  ready　to　cross　the　Alps　and　begin　a　new　attack　on　Rome。　It
  was　necessaryvery　necessaryfor　the　spiritual　head　of　the
  world　to　find　an　ally　with　a　strong　sword　and　a　powerful
  fist　who　was　willing　to　defend　His　Holiness　in　case　of　danger。
  And　so　the　Popes；　who　were　not　only　very　holy　but
  also　very　practical；　cast　about　for　a　friend；　and　presently
  they　made　overtures　to　the　most　promising　of　the　Germanic
  tribes　who　had　occupied　north…western　Europe　after　the　fall
  of　Rome。　They　were　called　the　Franks。　One　of　their　earliest
  kings；　called　Merovech；　had　helped　the　Romans　in　the　battle　of
  the　Catal