mainland　and　within　a　few　hours　he　destroyed　three　quarters
  of　the　Persian　ships。
  In　this　way　the　victory　of　Thermopylae　came　to　naught。
  Xerxes　was　forced　to　retire。　The　next　year；　so　he　decreed；
  would　bring　a　final　decision。　He　took　his　troops　to　Thessaly
  and　there　he　waited　for　spring。
  But　this　time　the　Spartans　understood　the　seriousness　of
  the　hour。　They　left　the　safe　shelter　of　the　wall　which　they　had
  built　across　the　isthmus　of　Corinth　and　under　the　leadership
  of　Pausanias　they　marched　against　Mardonius　the　Persian
  general。　The　united　Greeks　（some　one　hundred　thousand　men
  from　a　dozen　different　cities）　attacked　the　three　hundred　thou…
  sand　men　of　the　enemy　near　Plataea。　Once　more　the　heavy
  Greek　infantry　broke　through　the　Persian　barrage　of　arrows。
  The　Persians　were　defeated；　as　they　had　been　at　Marathon；　and
  this　time　they　left　for　good。　By　a　strange　coincidence；　the
  same　day　that　the　Greek　armies　won　their　victory　near　Plataea；
  the　Athenian　ships　destroyed　the　enemy's　fleet　near　Cape　Mycale
  in　Asia　Minor。
  Thus　did　the　first　encounter　between　Asia　and　Europe　end。
  Athens　had　covered　herself　with　glory　and　Sparta　had　fought
  bravely　and　well。　If　these　two　cities　had　been　able　to　come　to
  an　agreement；　if　they　had　been　willing　to　forget　their　little
  jealousies；　they　might　have　become　the　leaders　of　a　strong　and
  united　Hellas。
  But　alas；　they　allowed　the　hour　of　victory　and　enthusiasm
  to　slip　by；　and　the　same　opportunity　never　returned。
  ATHENS　vs。　SPARTA
  HOW　ATHENS　AND　SPARTA　FOUGHT　A　LONG
  AND　DISASTROUS　WAR　FOR　THE　LEADERSHIP
  OF　GREECE
  ATHENS　and　Sparta　were　both　Greek　cities　and　their　people
  spoke　a　common　language。　In　every　other　respect　they　were
  different。　Athens　rose　high　from　the　plain。　It　was　a　city
  exposed　to　the　fresh　breezes　from　the　sea；　willing　to　look　at
  the　world　with　the　eyes　of　a　happy　child。　Sparta；　on　the　other
  hand；　was　built　at　the　bottom　of　a　deep　valley；　and　used　the
  surrounding　mountains　as　a　barrier　against　foreign　thought。
  Athens　was　a　city　of　busy　trade。　Sparta　was　an　armed　camp
  where　people　were　soldiers　for　the　sake　of　being　soldiers。　The
  people　of　Athens　loved　to　sit　in　the　sun　and　discuss　poetry　or
  listen　to　the　wise　words　of　a　philosopher。　The　Spartans；　on　the
  other　hand；　never　wrote　a　single　line　that　was　considered　literature；
  but　they　knew　how　to　fight；　they　liked　to　fight；　and　they
  sacrificed　all　human　emotions　to　their　ideal　of　military　preparedness。
  No　wonder　that　these　sombre　Spartans　viewed　the　success
  of　Athens　with　malicious　hate。　The　energy　which　the　defence　of
  the　common　home　had　developed　in　Athens　was　now　used　for
  purposes　of　a　more　peaceful　nature。　The　Acropolis　was　rebuilt
  and　was　made　into　a　marble　shrine　to　the　Goddess　Athena。
  Pericles；　the　leader　of　the　Athenian　democracy；　sent　far　and
  wide　to　find　famous　sculptors　and　painters　and　scientists　to
  make　the　city　more　beautiful　and　the　young　Athenians　more
  worthy　of　their　home。　At　the　same　time　he　kept　a　watchful
  eye　on　Sparta　and　built　high　walls　which　connected　Athens
  with　the　sea　and　made　her　the　strongest　fortress　of　that　day。
  An　insignificant　quarrel　between　two　little　Greek　cities　led
  to　the　final　conflict。　For　thirty　years　the　war　between　Athens
  and　Sparta　continued。　It　ended　in　a　terrible　disaster　for
  Athens。
  During　the　third　year　of　the　war　the　plague　had　entered
  the　city。　More　than　half　of　the　people　and　Pericles；　the　great
  leader；　had　been　killed。　The　plague　was　followed　by　a　period
  of　bad　and　untrustworthy　leadership。　A　brilliant　young　fellow
  by　the　name　of　Alcibiades　had　gained　the　favor　of　the
  popular　assembly。　He　suggested　a　raid　upon　the　Spartan
  colony　of　Syracuse　in　Sicily。　An　expedition　was　equipped　and
  everything　was　ready。　But　Alcibiades　got　mixed　up　in　a　street
  brawl　and　was　forced　to　flee。　The　general　who　succeeded　him
  was　a　bungler。　First　he　lost　his　ships　and　then　he　lost　his
  army；　and　the　few　surviving　Athenians　were　thrown　into　the
  stone…quarries　of　Syracuse；　where　they　died　from　hunger　and
  thirst。
  The　expedition　had　killed　all　the　young　men　of　Athens。
  The　city　was　doomed。　After　a　long　siege　the　town　surrendered
  in　April　of　the　year　404。　The　high　walls　were　demolished。
  The　navy　was　taken　away　by　the　Spartans。　Athens　ceased　to
  exist　as　the　center　of　the　great　colonial　empire　which　it　had
  conquered　during　the　days　of　its　prosperity。　But　that　wonderful
  desire　to　learn　and　to　know　and　to　investigate　which
  had　distinguished　her　free　citizens　during　the　days　of　greatness
  and　prosperity　did　not　perish　with　the　walls　and　the
  ships。　It　continued　to　live。　It　became　even　more　brilliant。
  Athens　no　longer　shaped　the　destinies　of　the　land　of　Greece。
  But　now；　as　the　home　of　the　first　great　university　the　city　began
  to　influence　the　minds　of　intelligent　people　far　beyond
  the　narrow　frontiers　of　Hellas。
  ALEXANDER　THE　GREAT
  ALEXANDER　THE　MACEDONIAN　ESTABLISHES
  A　GREEK　WORLD…EMPIRE；　AND
  WHAT　BECAME　OF　THIS　HIGH　AMBITION
  WHEN　the　Achaeans　had　left　their　homes　along　the　banks　of
  the　Danube　to　look　for　pastures　new；　they　had　spent　some
  time　among　the　mountains　of　Macedonia。　Ever　since；　the
  Greeks　had　maintained　certain　more　or　less　formal　relations
  with　the　people　of　this　northern　country。　The　Macedonians
  from　their　side　had　kept　themselves　well　informed　about　conditions
  in　Greece。
  Now　it　happened；　just　when　Sparta　and　Athens　had　finished
  their　disastrous　war　for　the　leadership　of　Hellas；　that
  Macedonia　was　ruled　by　an　extraordinarily　clever　man　by
  the　name　of　Philip。　He　admired　the　Greek　spirit　in　letters　and
  art　but　he　despised　the　Greek　lack　of　self…control　in　political
  affairs。　It　irritated　him　to　see　a　perfectly　good　people　waste　its
  men　and　money　upon　fruitless　quarrels。　So　he　settled　the
  difficulty　by　making　himself　the　master　of　all　Greece　and　then
  he　asked　his　new　subjects　to　join　him　on　a　voyage　which　he
  meant　to　pay　to　Persia　in　return　for　the　visit　which　Xerxes
  had　paid　the　Greeks　one　hundred　and　fifty　years　before。
  Unfortunately　Philip　was　murdered　before　he　could　start
  upon　this　well…prepared　expedition。　The　task　of　avenging　the
  destruction　of　Athens　was　left　to　Philip's　son　Alexander；　the
  beloved　pupil　of　Aristotle；　wisest　of　all　Greek　teachers。
  Alexander　bade　farewell　to　Europe　in　the　spring　of　the
  year　334　B。C。　Seven　years　later　he　reached　India。　In　the
  meantime　he　had　destroyed　Phoenicia；　the　old　rival　of　the　Greek
  merchants。　He　had　conquered　Egypt　and　had　been　worshipped
  by　the　people　of　the　Nile　valley　as　the　son　and　heir　of　the
  Pharaohs。　He　had　defeated　the　last　Persian　kinghe　had
  overthrown　the　Persian　empire　he　had　given　orders　to　rebuild
  Babylonhe　had　led　his　troops　into　the　heart　of　the
  Himalayan　mountains　and　had　made　the　entire　world　a　Macedonian
  province　and　dependency。　Then　he　stopped　and　announced
  even　more　ambitious　plans。
  The　newly　formed　Empire　must　be　brought　under　the　influence
  of　the　Greek　mind。　The　people　must　be　taught　the　Greek
  languagethey　must　live　in　cities　built　after　a　Greek　model。
  The　Alexandrian　soldier　now　turned　school…master。　The　military
  camps　of　yesterday　became　the　peaceful　centres　of　the
  newly　imported　Greek　civilisation。　Higher　and　higher　did　the
  flood　of　Greek　manners　and　Greek　customs　rise；　when　suddenly
  Alexander　was　stricken　with　a　fever　and　died　in　the　old
  palace　of　King　Hammurabi　of　Babylon　in　the　year　323。
  Then　the　waters　receded。　But　they　left　behind　the　fertile　clay
  of　a　higher　civilisation　and　Alexander；　with　all　his　childish
  ambitions　and　his　silly　vanities；　had　performed　a　most　valuable
  service。　His　Empire　did　not　long　survive　him。　A　number　of
  ambitious　generals　divided　the　territory　among　themselves。
  But　they　too　remained　faithful　to　the　dream　of　a　great　world
  brotherhood　of　Greek　and　Asiatic　ideas　and　knowledge。
  They　maintained　their　independence　until　the　Romans
  added　western　Asia　and　Egypt　to　their　other　domains。　The
  strange　inheritance　of　this　Hellenistic　civilisation　（part　Greek；
  part　Persian；　part　Egyptian　and　Babylonian）　fell　to　the
  Roman　conquerors。　During　the　following　centuries；　it　got
  such　a　firm　hold　upon　the　Roman　world；　that　we　feel　its　influence
  in　our　own　lives　this　very　day。
  A　SUMMARY
  A　SHORT　SUMMARY　OF　CHAPTERS　1　to　20
  THUS　far；　from　the　top　of　our　high　tower　we　have　been
  looking　eastward。　But　from　this　time　on；　the　history　of　Egypt
  and　Mesopotamia　is　going　to　grow　less　interesting　and　I　must
  take　you　to　study　the　western　landscape。
  Before　we　do　this；　let　us　stop　a　moment　and　make　clear　to
  ourselves　what　we　have　seen。
  First　of　all　I　showed　you　prehistoric　mana　creature　very
  simple　in　his　habits　and　very　unattractive　in　his　manners。　I
  told　you　how　he　was　the　most　defenceless　of　the　many　animals
  that　roamed　through　the　early　wilderness　of　the　five　continent