which　I　shall　describe　when　I　come　in　due　course　to　the　Cilician　contingent。　　　　　The　Milyans　bore　short　spears；　and　had　their　garments　fastened　with　buckles。　Some　of　their　number　carried　Lycian　bows。　They　wore　about　their　heads　skull…caps　made　of　leather。　Badres　the　son　of　Hystanes　led　both　nations　to　battle。　　　　　The　Moschians　wore　helmets　made　of　wood；　and　carried　shields　and　spears　of　a　small　size：　their　spear…heads；　however；　were　long。　The　Moschian　equipment　was　that　likewise　of　the　Tibarenians；　the　Macronians；　and　the　Mosynoecians。　The　leaders　of　these　nations　were　the　following：　the　Moschians　and　Tibarenians　were　under　the　command　of　Ariomardus；　who　was　the　son　of　Darius　and　of　Parmys；　daughter　of　Smerdis　son　of　Cyrus；　while　the　Macronians　and　Mosynoecians。　had　for　leader　Artayctes；　the　son　of　Cherasmis；　the　governor　of　Sestos　upon　the　Hellespont。　　　　　The　Mares　wore　on　their　heads　the　plaited　helmet　peculiar　to　their　country；　and　used　small　leathern　bucklers；　and　javelins。　　　　　The　Colchians　wore　wooden　helmets；　and　carried　small　shields　of　raw　hide；　and　short　spears；　besides　which　they　had　swords。　Both　Mares　and　Colchians　were　under　the　command　of　Pharandates；　the　son　of　Teaspes。　　　　　The　Alarodians　and　Saspirians　were　armed　like　the　Colchians；　their　leader　was　Masistes；　the　son　of　Siromitras。　　　　　The　Islanders　who　came　from　the　Erythraean　Sea；　where　they　inhabited　the　islands　to　which　the　king　sends　those　whom　he　banishes；　wore　a　dress　and　arms　almost　exactly　like　the　Median。　Their　leader　was　Mardontes　the　son　of　Bagaeus；　who　the　year　after　perished　in　the　battle　of　Mycale；　where　he　was　one　of　the　captains。　　　　　Such　were　the　nations　who　fought　upon　the　dry　land；　and　made　up　the　infantry　of　the　Persians。　And　they　were　commanded　by　the　captains　whose　names　have　been　above　recorded。　The　marshalling　and　numbering　of　the　troops　had　been　committed　to　them；　and　by　them　were　appointed　the　captains　over　a　thousand；　and　the　captains　over　ten　thousand；　but　the　leaders　of　ten　men；　or　a　hundred；　were　named　by　the　captains　over　ten　thousand。　There　were　other　officers　also；　who　gave　the　orders　to　the　various　ranks　and　nations；　but　those　whom　I　have　mentioned　above　were　the　commanders。　　　　　Over　these　commanders　themselves；　and　over　the　whole　of　the　infantry；　there　were　set　six　generals…　namely　Mardonius；　son　of　Gobryas；　Tritantaechmes；　son　of　the　Artabanus　who　gave　his　advice　against　the　war　with　Greece；　Smerdomenes；　son　of　Otanes…　these　two　were　the　sons　of　Darius'　brothers；　and　thus　were　cousins　of　Xerxes…　Masistes；　son　of　Darius　and　Atossa；　Gergis；　son　of　Arizus；　and　Megabyzus；　son　of　Zopyrus。　　　　　The　whole　of　the　infantry　was　under　the　command　of　these　generals；　excepting　the　Ten　Thousand。　The　Ten　Thousand；　who　were　all　Persians　and　all　picked　men；　were　led　by　Hydarnes；　the　son　of　Hydarnes。　They　were　called　〃the　Immortals；〃　for　the　following　reason。　If　one　of　their　body　failed　either　by　the　stroke　of　death　or　of　disease；　forthwith　his　place　was　filled　up　by　another　man；　so　that　their　number　was　at　no　time　either　greater　or　less　than　10；000。　　　　　Of　all　the　troops　the　Persians　were　adorned　with　the　greatest　magnificence；　and　they　were　likewise　the　most　valiant。　Besides　their　arms；　which　have　been　already　described；　they　glittered　all　over　with　gold；　vast　quantities　of　which　they　wore　about　their　persons。　They　were　followed　by　litters；　wherein　rode　their　concubines；　and　by　a　numerous　train　of　attendants　handsomely　dressed。　Camels　and　sumpter…beasts　carried　their　provision；　apart　from　that　of　the　other　soldiers。　　　　　All　these　various　nations　fight　on　horseback；　they　did　not；　however；　at　this　time　all　furnish　horsemen；　but　only　the　following：…　　　　　（i。）　The　Persians；　who　were　armed　in　the　same　way　as　their　own　footmen；　excepting　that　some　of　them　wore　upon　their　heads　devices　fashioned　with　the　hammer　in　brass　or　steel。　　　　　（ii。）　The　wandering　tribe　known　by　the　name　of　Sagartians…　a　people　Persian　in　language；　and　in　dress　half　Persian；　half　Pactyan；　who　furnished　to　the　army　as　many　as　eight　thousand　horse。　It　is　not　the　wont　of　this　people　to　carry　arms；　either　of　bronze　or　steel；　except　only　a　dirk；　but　they　use　lassoes　made　of　thongs　plaited　together；　and　trust　to　these　whenever　they　go　to　the　wars。　Now　the　manner　in　which　they　fight　is　the　following：　when　they　meet　their　enemy；　straightway　they　discharge　their　lassoes；　which　end　in　a　noose；　then；　whatever　the　noose　encircles；　be　it　man　or　be　it　horse；　they　drag　towards　them；　and　the　foe；　entangled　in　the　toils；　is　forthwith　slain。　Such　is　the　manner　in　which　this　people　fight；　and　now　their　horsemen　were　drawn　up　with　the　Persians。　　　　　（iii。）　The　Medes；　and　Cissians；　who　had　the　same　equipment　as　their　foot…soldiers。　　　　　（iv。）　The　Indians；　equipped　as　their　foot。　men；　but　some　on　horseback　and　some　in　chariots…　the　chariots　drawn　either　by　horses；　or　by　wild　asses。　　　　　（v。）　The　Bactrians　and　Caspians；　arrayed　as　their　foot…soldiers。　　　　　（vi。）　The　Libyans；　equipped　as　their　foot…soldiers；　like　the　rest；　but　all　riding　in　chariots。　　　　　（vii。）　The　Caspeirians　and　Paricanians；　equipped　as　their　foot…soldiers。　　　　　（viii。）　The　Arabians；　in　the　same　array　as　their　footmen；　but　all　riding　on　camels；　not　inferior　in　fleetness　to　horses。　　　　　These　nations；　and　these　only；　furnished　horse　to　the　army：　and　the　number　of　the　horse　was　eighty　thousand；　without　counting　camels　or　chariots。　All　were　marshalled　in　squadrons；　excepting　the　Arabians；　who　were　placed　last；　to　avoid　frightening　the　horses；　which　cannot　endure　the　sight　of　the　camel。　　　　　The　horse　was　commanded　by　Armamithras　and　Tithaeus；　sons　of　Datis。　The　other　commander；　Pharnuches；　who　was　to　have　been　their　colleague；　had　been　left　sick　at　Sardis；　since　at　the　moment　that　he　was　leaving　the　city；　a　sad　mischance　befell　him：…　a　dog　ran　under　the　feet　of　the　horse　upon　which　he　was　mounted；　and　the　horse；　not　seeing　it　coming；　was　startled；　and；　rearing　bolt　upright；　threw　his　rider。　After　this　fall　Pharnuches　spat　blood；　and　fell　into　a　consumption。　As　for　the　horse；　he　was　treated　at　once　as　Pharnuches　ordered：　the　attendants　took　him　to　the　spot　where　he　had　thrown　his　master；　and　there　cut　off　his　four　legs　at　the　hough。　Thus　Pharnuches　lost　his　command。　　　　　The　triremes　amounted　in　all　to　twelve　hundred　and　seven；　and　were　furnished　by　the　following　nations：…　　　　　（i。）　The　Phoenicians；　with　the　Syrians　of　Palestine；　furnished　three　hundred　vessels；　the　crews　of　which　were　thus　accoutred：　upon　their　heads　they　wore　helmets　made　nearly　in　the　Grecian　manner；　about　their　bodies　they　had　breastplates　of　linen；　they　carried　shields　without　rims；　and　were　armed　with　javelins。　This　nation；　according　to　their　own　account；　dwelt　anciently　upon　the　Erythraean　Sea；　but　crossing　thence；　fixed　themselves　on　the　seacoast　of　Syria；　where　they　still　inhabit。　This　part　of　Syria；　and　all　the　region　extending　from　hence　to　Egypt；　is　known　by　the　name　of　Palestine。　　　　　（ii。）　The　Egyptians　furnished　two　hundred　ships。　Their　crews　had　plaited　helmets　upon　their　heads；　and　bore　concave　shields　with　rims　of　unusual　size。　They　were　armed　with　spears　suited　for　a　sea…fight；　and　with　huge　pole…axes。　The　greater　part　of　them　wore　breastplates；　and　all　had　long　cutlasses。　　　　　（iii。）　The　Cyprians　furnished　a　hundred　and　fifty　ships；　and　were　equipped　in　the　following　fashion。　Their　kings　had　turbans　bound　about　their　heads；　while　the　people　wore　tunics；　in　other　respects　they　were　clad　like　the　Greeks。　They　are　of　various　races；　some　are　sprung　from　Athens　and　Salamis；　some　from　Arcadia；　some　from　Cythnus；　some　from　Phoenicia；　and　a　portion；　according　to　their　own　account；　from　Ethiopia。　　　　　（iv。）　The　Cilicians　furnished　a　hundred　ships。　The　crews　wore　upon　their　heads　the　helmet　of　their　country；　and　carried　instead　of　shields　light　targes　made　of　raw　hide；　they　were　clad　in　woollen　tunics；　and　were　each　armed　with　two　javelins；　and　a　sword　closely　resembling　the　cutlass　of　the　Egyptians。　This　people　bore　anciently　the　name　of　Hypachaeans；　but　took　their　present　title　from　Cilix；　the　son　of　Agenor；　a　Phoenician。　　　　　（v。）　The　Pamphylians　furnished　thirty　ships；　the　crews　of　which　were　armed　exactly　as　the　Greeks。　This　nation　is　descended　from　those　who　on　the　return　from　Troy　were　dispersed　with　Amphilochus　and　Calchas。　　　　　（vi。）　The　Lycians　furnished　fifty　ships。　Their　crews　wore　greaves　and　breastplates；　while　for　arms　they　had　bows　of　cornel　wood；　reed　arrows　without　feathers；　and　javelins。　Their　outer　garment　was　the　skin　of　a　goat；　which　hung　from　their　shoulders；　their　headdress　a　hat　encircled　with　plumes；　and　besides　their　other　weapons　they　carried　daggers　and　falchions。　This　people　came　from　Crete；　and　were　once　called　Termilae；　they　got　the　name　which　they　now　bear　from　Lycus；　the　son　of　Pandion；　an　Athenian。　　　　　（vii。）　The　Dorians　of　Asia　furnished　thirty　ships。　They　were　armed　in　the　Grecian　fashion；　inasmuch　as　their　forefathers　came　from　the　Peloponnese。　　　　　（viii。）　The　Carians　furnished　seventy　ships；　and　were　equipped　like　the　Greeks；　but　carried；　in　addition；　falchions　and　daggers。　What　name　the　Carians　bore　anciently　was　declared　in　the　first　part　of　this　History。　　　　　（ix。）　The　Ionians　furnished　a　hundred　ships；　and　were　armed　like　the　Greeks。　Now　these