wn　up　according　to　their　several　nations。　　　　　Now　these　were　the　nations　that　took　part　in　this　expedition。　The　Persians；　who　wore　on　their　heads　the　soft　hat　called　the　tiara；　and　about　their　bodies；　tunics　with　sleeves　of　divers　colours；　having　iron　scales　upon　them　like　the　scales　of　a　fish。　Their　legs　were　protected　by　trousers；　and　they　bore　wicker　shields　for　bucklers；　their　quivers　hanging　at　their　backs；　and　their　arms　being　a　short　spear；　a　bow　of　uncommon　size；　and　arrows　of　reed。　They　had　likewise　daggers　suspended　from　their　girdles　along　their　right　thighs。　Otanes；　the　father　of　Xerxes'　wife；　Amestris；　was　their　leader。　This　people　was　known　to　the　Greeks　in　ancient　times　by　the　name　of　Cephenians；　but　they　called　themselves　and　were　called　by　their　neighbours；　Artaeans。　It　was　not　till　Perseus；　the　son　of　Jove　and　Danae；　visited　Cepheus　the　son　of　Belus；　and；　marrying　his　daughter　Andromeda；　had　by　her　a　son　called　Perses　（whom　he　left　behind　him　in　the　country　because　Cepheus　had　no　male　offspring）；　that　the　nation　took　from　this　Perses　the　name　of　Persians。　　　　　The　Medes　had　exactly　the　same　equipment　as　the　Persians；　and　indeed　the　dress　common　to　both　is　not　so　much　Persian　as　Median。　They　had　for　commander　Tigranes；　of　the　race　of　the　Achaemenids。　These　Medes　were　called　anciently　by　all　people　Arians；　but　when　Media；　the　Colchian；　came　to　them　from　Athens；　they　changed　their　name。　Such　is　the　account　which　they　themselves　give。　　　　　The　Cissians　were　equipped　in　the　Persian　fashion；　except　in　one　respect：…　they　wore　on　their　heads；　instead　of　hats；　fillets。　Anaphes；　the　son　of　Otanes；　commanded　them。　　　　　The　Hyrcanians　were　likewise　armed　in　the　same　way　as　the　Persians。　Their　leader　was　Megapanus；　the　same　who　was　afterwards　satrap　of　Babylon。　　　　　The　Assyrians　went　to　the　war　with　helmets　upon　their　heads　made　of　brass；　and　plaited　in　a　strange　fashion　which　it　is　not　easy　to　describe。　They　carried　shields；　lances；　and　daggers　very　like　the　Egyptian；　but　in　addition；　they　had　wooden　clubs　knotted　with　iron；　and　linen　corselets。　This　people；　whom　the　Greeks　call　Syrians；　are　called　Assyrians　by　the　barbarians。　The　Chaldaeans　served　in　their　ranks；　and　they　had　for　commander　Otaspes；　the　son　of　Artachaeus。　　　　　The　Bactrians　went　to　the　war　wearing　a　head…dress　very　like　the　Median；　but　armed　with　bows　of　cane；　after　the　custom　of　their　country；　and　with　short　spears。　　　　　The　Sacae；　or　Scyths；　were　clad　in　trousers；　and　had　on　their　heads　tall　stiff　caps　rising　to　a　point。　They　bore　the　bow　of　their　country　and　the　dagger；　besides　which　they　carried　the　battle…axe；　or　sagaris。　They　were　in　truth　Amyrgian　Scythians；　but　the　Persians　called　them　Sacae；　since　that　is　the　name　which　they　give　to　all　Scythians。　The　Bactrians　and　the　Sacae　had　for　leader　Hystaspes；　the　son　of　Darius　and　of　Atossa；　the　daughter　of　Cyrus。　　　　　The　Indians　wore　cotton　dresses；　and　carried　bows　of　cane；　and　arrows　also　of　cane　with　iron　at　the　point。　Such　was　the　equipment　of　the　Indians；　and　they　marched　under　the　command　of　Pharnazathres　the　son　of　Artabates。　　　　　The　Arians　carried　Median　bows；　but　in　other　respects　were　equipped　like　the　Bactrians。　Their　commander　was　Sisamnes　the　son　of　Hydarnes。　　　　　The　Parthians　and　Chorasmians；　with　the　Sogdians；　the　Gandarians；　and　the　Dadicae；　had　the　Bactrian　equipment　in　all　respects。　The　Parthians　and　Chorasmians　were　commanded　by　Artabazus　the　son　of　Pharnaces；　the　Sogdians　by　Azanes　the　son　of　Artaeus；　and　the　Gandarians　and　Dadicae　by　Artyphius　the　son　of　Artabanus。　　　　　The　Caspians　were　clad　in　cloaks　of　skin；　and　carried　the　cane　bow　of　their　country　and　the　scymitar。　So　equipped　they　went　to　the　war；　and　they　had　for　commander　Ariomardus　the　brother　of　Artyphius。　　　　　The　Sarangians　had　dyed　garments　which　showed　brightly；　and　buskins　which　reached　to　the　knee：　they　bore　Median　bows；　and　lances。　Their　leader　was　Pherendates；　the　son　of　Megabazus。　　　　　The　Pactyans　wore　cloaks　of　skin；　and　carried　the　bow　of　their　country　and　the　dagger。　Their　commander　was　Artyntes；　the　son　of　Ithamatres。　　　　　The　Utians；　the　Mycians；　and　the　Paricanians　were　all　equipped　like　the　Pactyans。　They　had　for　leaders；　Arsamenes；　the　son　of　Darius；　who　commanded　the　Utians　and　Mycians；　and　Siromitres；　the　son　of　Oeobazus；　who　commanded　the　Paricanians。　　　　　The　Arabians　wore　the　zeira；　or　long　cloak；　fastened　about　them　with　a　girdle；　and　carried　at　their　right　side　long　bows；　which　when　unstrung　bent　backwards。　　　　　The　Ethiopians　were　clothed　in　the　skins　of　leopards　and　lions；　and　had　long　bows　made　of　the　stem　of　the　palm…leaf；　not　less　than　four　cubits　in　length。　On　these　they　laid　short　arrows　made　of　reed；　and　armed　at　the　tip；　not　with　iron；　but　with　a　piece　of　stone；　sharpened　to　a　point；　of　the　kind　used　in　engraving　seals。　They　carried　likewise　spears；　the　head　of　which　was　the　sharpened　horn　of　an　antelope；　and　in　addition　they　had　knotted　clubs。　When　they　went　into　battle　they　painted　their　bodies；　half　with　chalk；　and　half　with　vermilion。　The　Arabians；　and　the　Ethiopians　who　came　from　the　region　above　Egypt；　were　commanded　by　Arsames；　the　son　of　Darius　and　of　Artystone　daughter　of　Cyrus。　This　Artystone　was　the　best…beloved　of　all　the　wives　of　Darius；　and　it　was　she　whose　statue　he　caused　to　be　made　of　gold　wrought　with　the　hammer。　Her　son　Arsames　commanded　these　two　nations。　　　　　The　eastern　Ethiopians…　for　two　nations　of　this　name　served　in　the　army…　were　marshalled　with　the　Indians。　They　differed　in　nothing　from　the　other　Ethiopians；　save　in　their　language；　and　the　character　of　their　hair。　For　the　eastern　Ethiopians　have　straight　hair；　while　they　of　Libya　are　more　woolly…haired　than　any　other　people　in　the　world。　Their　equipment　was　in　most　points　like　that　of　the　Indians；　but　they　wore　upon　their　heads　the　scalps　of　horses；　with　the　ears　and　mane　attached；　the　ears　were　made　to　stand　upright；　and　the　mane　served　as　a　crest。　For　shields　this　people　made　use　of　the　skins　of　cranes。　　　　　The　Libyans　wore　a　dress　of　leather；　and　carried　javelins　made　hard　in　the　fire。　They　had　for　commander　Massages；　the　son　of　Oarizus。　　　　　The　Paphlagonians　went　to　the　war　with　plaited　helmets　upon　their　heads；　and　carrying　small　shields　and　spears　of　no　great　size。　They　had　also　javelins　and　daggers；　and　wore　on　their　feet　the　buskin　of　their　country；　which　reached　half　way　up　the　shank。　In　the　same　fashion　were　equipped　the　Ligyans；　the　Matienians；　the　Mariandynians；　and　the　Syrians　（or　Cappadocians；　as　they　are　called　by　the　Persians）。　The　Paphlagonians　and　Matienians　were　under　the　command　of　Dotus　the　son　of　Megasidrus；　while　the　Mariandynians；　the　Ligyans；　and　the　Syrians　had　for　leader　Gobryas；　the　son　of　Darius　and　Artystone。　　　　　The　dress　of　the　Phrygians　closely　resembled　the　Paphlagonian；　only　in　a　very　few　points　differing　from　it。　According　to　the　Macedonian　account；　the　Phrygians；　during　the　time　that　they　had　their　abode　in　Europe　and　dwelt　with　them　in　Macedonia；　bore　the　name　of　Brigians；　but　on　their　removal　to　Asia　they　changed　their　designation　at　the　same　time　with　their　dwelling…place。　　　　　The　Armenians；　who　are　Phrygian　colonists；　were　armed　in　the　Phrygian　fashion。　Both　nations　were　under　the　command　of　Artochmes；　who　was　married　to　one　of　the　daughters　of　Darius。　　　　　The　Lydians　were　armed　very　nearly　in　the　Grecian　manner。　These　Lydians　in　ancient　times　were　called　Maeonians；　but　changed　their　name；　and　took　their　present　title　from　Lydus　the　son　of　Atys。　　　　　The　Mysians　wore　upon　their　heads　a　helmet　made　after　the　fashion　of　their　country；　and　carried　a　small　buckler；　they　used　as　javelins　staves　with　one　end　hardened　in　the　fire。　The　Mysians　are　Lydian　colonists；　and　from　the　mountain…chain　of　Olympus；　are　called　Olympieni。　Both　the　Lydians　and　the　Mysians　were　under　the　command　of　Artaphernes；　the　son　of　that　Artaphernes　who；　with　Datis；　made　the　landing　at　Marathon。　　　　　The　Thracians　went　to　the　war　wearing　the　skins　of　foxes　upon　their　heads；　and　about　their　bodies　tunics；　over　which　was　thrown　a　long　cloak　of　many　colours。　Their　legs　and　feet　were　clad　in　buskins　made　from　the　skins　of　fawns；　and　they　had　for　arms　javelins；　with　light　targes；　and　short　dirks。　This　people；　after　crossing　into　Asia；　took　the　name　of　Bithynians；　before；　they　had　been　called　Strymonians；　while　they　dwelt　upon　the　Strymon；　whence；　according　to　their　own　account；　they　had　been　driven　out　by　the　Mysians　and　Teucrians。　The　commander　of　these　Asiatic　Thracians　was　Bassaces　the　son　of　Artabanus。　　　　　*。。。　had　made　small　shields　made　of　the　hide　of　the　ox；　and　carried　each　of　them　two　spears　such　as　are　used　in　wolf…hunting。　Brazen　helmets　protected　their　heads；　and　above　these　they　wore　the　ears　and　horns　of　an　ox　fashioned　in　brass。　They　had　also　crests　on　their　helms；　and　their　legs　were　bound　round　with　purple　bands。　There　is　an　oracle　of　Mars　in　the　country　of　this　people。
  *　There　is　a　defect　here　in　the　text　of　Herodotus；　the　name　of　the　nation　has　been　lost　and　cannot　be　satisfactorily　supplied。
  The　Cabalians；　who　are　Maeonians；　but　are　called　Lasonians；　had　the　same　equipment　as　the　Cilicians…　an　equipment　which　I　shall　describe　when　I　come　in　due　course　to　the　Cilician　contingent。　　　　　The　Milyans　bore　sh