a　founder；　and　they　have　further　established　in　his　honour　a　gymnic　contest　and　a　chariot…race；　in　neither　of　which　is　it　lawful　for　any　Lampsacenian　to　contend。　Before　the　war　with　Lampsacus　was　ended　Stesagoras　too　died　childless：　he　was　sitting　in　the　hall　of　justice　when　he　was　struck　upon　the　head　with　a　hatchet　by　a　man　who　pretended　to　be　a　deserter；　but　was　in　good　sooth　an　enemy；　and　a　bitter　one。　　　　　Thus　died　Stesagoras；　and　upon　his　death　the　Pisistratidae　fitted　out　a　trireme；　and　sent　Miltiades；　the　son　of　Cimon；　and　brother　of　the　deceased；　to　the　Chersonese；　that　he　might　undertake　the　management　of　affairs　in　that　quarter。　They　had　already　shown　him　much　favour　at　Athens；　as　if；　forsooth；　they　had　been　no　parties　to　the　death　of　his　father　Cimon…　a　matter　whereof　I　will　give　an　account　in　another　place。　He　upon　his　arrival　remained　shut　up　within　the　house；　pretending　to　do　honour　to　the　memory　of　his　dead　brother；　whereupon　the　chief　people　of　the　Chersonese　gathered　themselves　together　from　all　the　cities　of　the　land；　and　came　in　a　procession　to　the　place　where　Miltiades　was；　to　condole　with　him　upon　his　misfortune。　Miltiades　commanded　them　to　be　seized　and　thrown　into　prison；　after　which　he　made　himself　master　of　the　Chersonese；　maintained　a　body　of　five　hundred　mercenaries；　and　married　Hegesipyla；　daughter　of　the　Thracian　king　Olorus。　　　　　This　Miltiades；　the　son　of　Cimon；　had　not　been　long　in　the　country　when　a　calamity　befell　him　yet　more　grievous　than　those　in　which　he　was　now　involved：　for　three　years　earlier　he　had　had　to　fly　before　an　incursion　of　the　Scyths。　These　nomads；　angered　by　the　attack　of　Darius；　collected　in　a　body　and　marched　as　far　as　the　Chersonese。　Miltiades　did　not　await　their　coming；　but　fled；　and　remained　away　until　the　Scyths　retired；　when　the　Dolonci　sent　and　fetched　him　back。　All　this　happened　three　years　before　the　events　which　befell　Miltiades　at　the　present　time。　　　　　He　now　no　sooner　heard　that　the　Phoenicians　were　attacking　Tenedos　than　he　loaded　five　triremes　with　his　goods　and　chattels；　and　set　sail　for　Athens。　Cardia　was　the　point　from　which　he　took　his　departure；　and　as　he　sailed　down　the　gulf　of　Melas；　along　the　shore　of　the　Chersonese；　he　came　suddenly　upon　the　whole　Phoenician　fleet。　However　he　himself　escaped；　with　four　of　his　vessels；　and　got　into　Imbrus；　one　trireme　only　falling　into　the　hands　of　his　pursuers。　This　vessel　was　under　the　command　of　his　eldest　son　Metiochus；　whose　mother　was　not　the　daughter　of　the　Thracian　king　Olorus；　but　a　different　woman。　Metiochus　and　his　ship　were　taken；　and　when　the　Phoenicians　found　out　that　he　was　a　son　of　Miltiades　they　resolved　to　convey　him　to　the　king；　expecting　thereby　to　rise　high　in　the　royal　favour。　For　they　remembered　that　it　was　Miltiades　who　counselled　the　Ionians　to　hearken　when　the　Scyths　prayed　them　to　break　up　the　bridge　and　return　home。　Darius；　however；　when　the　Phoenicians　brought　Metiochus　into　his　presence；　was　so　far　from　doing　him　any　hurt；　that　he　loaded　him　with　benefits。　He　gave　him　a　house　and　estate；　and　also　a　Persian　wife；　by　whom　there　were　children　born　to　him　who　were　accounted　Persians。　As　for　Miltiades　himself；　from　Imbrus　he　made　his　way　in　safety　to　Athens。　　　　　At　this　time　the　Persians　did　no　more　hurt　to　the　Ionians；　but　on　the　contrary；　before　the　year　was　out；　they　carried　into　effect　the　following　measures；　which　were　greatly　to　their　advantage。　Artaphernes；　satrap　of　Sardis；　summoned　deputies　from　all　the　Ionian　cities；　and　forced　them　to　enter　into　agreements　with　one　another；　not　to　harass　each　other　by　force　of　arms；　but　to　settle　their　disputes　by　reference。　He　likewise　took　the　measurement　of　their　whole　country　in　parasangs…　such　is　the　name　which　the　Persians　give　to　a　distance　of　thirty　furlongs…　and　settled　the　tributes　which　the　several　cities　were　to　pay；　at　a　rate　that　has　continued　unaltered　from　the　time　when　Artaphernes　fixed　it　down　to　the　present　day。　The　rate　was　very　nearly　the　same　as　that　which　had　been　paid　before　the　revolt。　Such　were　the　peaceful　dealings　of　the　Persians　with　the　Ionians。　　　　　The　next　spring　Darius　superseded　all　the　other　generals；　and　sent　down　Mardonius；　the　son　of　Gobryas；　to　the　coast；　and　with　him　a　vast　body　of　men；　some　fit　for　sea；　others　for　land　service。　Mardonius　was　a　youth　at　this　time；　and　had　only　lately　married　Artazostra；　the　king's　daughter。　When　Mardonius；　accompanied　by　this　numerous　host；　reached　Cilicia；　he　took　ship　and　proceeded　along　shore　with　his　fleet；　while　the　land　army　marched　under　other　leaders　towards　the　Hellespont。　In　the　course　of　his　voyage　along　the　coast　of　Asia　he　came　to　Ionia；　and　here　I　have　a　marvel　to　relate　which　will　greatly　surprise　those　Greeks　who　cannot　believe　that　Otanes　advised　the　seven　conspirators　to　make　Persia　a　commonwealth。　Mardonius　put　down　all　the　despots　throughout　Ionia；　and　in　lieu　of　them　established　democracies。　Having　so　done；　he　hastened　to　the　Hellespont；　and　when　a　vast　multitude　of　ships　had　been　brought　together；　and　likewise　a　powerful　land　force；　he　conveyed　his　troops　across　the　strait　by　means　of　his　vessels；　and　proceeded　through　Europe　against　Eretria　and　Athens。　　　　　At　least　these　towns　served　as　a　pretext　for　the　expedition；　the　real　purpose　of　which　was　to　subjugate　as　great　a　number　as　possible　of　the　Grecian　cities；　and　this　became　plain　when　the　Thasians；　who　did　not　even　lift　a　hand　in　their　defence；　were　reduced　by　the　sea　force；　while　the　land　army　added　the　Macedonians　to　the　former　slaves　of　the　king。　All　the　tribes　on　the　hither　side　of　Macedonia　had　been　reduced　previously。　From　Thasos　the　fleet　stood　across　to　the　mainland；　and　sailed　along　shore　to　Acanthus；　whence　an　attempt　was　made　to　double　Mount　Athos。　But　here　a　violent　north　wind　sprang　up；　against　which　nothing　could　contend；　and　handled　a　large　number　of　the　ships　with　much　rudeness；　shattering　them　and　driving　them　aground　upon　Athos。　'Tis　said　the　number　of　the　ships　destroyed　was　little　short　of　three　hundred；　and　the　men　who　perished　were　more　than　twenty　thousand。　For　the　sea　about　Athos　abounds　in　monsters　beyond　all　others；　and　so　a　portion　were　seized　and　devoured　by　these　animals；　while　others　were　dashed　violently　against　the　rocks；　some；　who　did　not　know　how　to　swim；　were　engulfed；　and　some　died　of　the　cold。　　　　　While　thus　it　fared　with　the　fleet；　on　land　Mardonius　and　his　army　were　attacked　in　their　camp　during　the　night　by　the　Brygi；　a　tribe　of　Thracians；　and　here　vast　numbers　of　the　Persians　were　slain；　and　even　Mardonius　himself　received　a　wound。　The　Brygi；　nevertheless；　did　not　succeed　in　maintaining　their　own　freedom：　for　Mardonius　would　not　leave　the　country　till　he　had　subdued　them　and　made　them　subjects　of　Persia。　Still；　though　he　brought　them　under　the　yoke；　the　blow　which　his　land　force　had　received　at　their　hands；　and　the　great　damage　done　to　his　fleet　off　Athos；　induced　him　to　set　out　upon　his　retreat；　and　so　this　armament；　having　failed　disgracefully；　returned　to　Asia。　　　　　The　year　after　these　events；　Darius　received　information　from　certain　neighbours　of　the　Thasians　that　those　islanders　were　making　preparations　for　revolt；　he　therefore　sent　a　herald；　and　bade　them　dismantle　their　walls；　and　bring　all　their　ships　to　Abdera。　The　Thasians；　at　the　time　when　Histiaeus　the　Milesian　made　his　attack　upon　them；　had　resolved　that；　as　their　income　was　very　great；　they　would　apply　their　wealth　to　building　ships　of　war；　and　surrounding　their　city　with　another　and　a　stronger　wall。　Their　revenue　was　derived　partly　from　their　possessions　upon　the　mainland；　partly　from　the　mines　which　they　owned。　They　were　masters　of　the　gold　mines　at　Scapte…Hyle；　the　yearly　produce　of　which　amounted　in　all　to　eighty　talents。　Their　mines　in　Thasos　yielded　less；　but　still　were　so　far　prolific　that；　besides　being　entirely　free　from　land…tax；　they　had　a　surplus　income；　derived　from　the　two　sources　of　their　territory　on　the　main　and　their　mines；　in　common　years　of　two　hundred；　and　in　the　best　years　of　three　hundred　talents。　　　　　I　myself　have　seen　the　mines　in　question：　by　far　the　most　curious　of　them　are　those　which　the　Phoenicians　discovered　at　the　time　when　they　went　with　Thasus　and　colonised　the　island；　which　afterwards　took　its　name　from　him。　These　Phoenician　workings　are　in　Thasos　itself；　between　Coenyra　and　a　place　called　Aenyra；　over　against　Samothrace：　a　huge　mountain　has　been　turned　upside　down　in　the　search　for　ores。　Such　then　was　the　source　of　their　wealth。　On　this　occasion　no　sooner　did　the　Great　King　issue　his　commands　than　straightway　the　Thasians　dismantled　their　wall；　and　took　their　whole　fleet　to　Abdera。　　　　　After　this　Darius　resolved　to　prove　the　Greeks；　and　try　the　bent　of　their　minds；　whether　they　were　inclined　to　resist　him　in　arms　or　prepared　to　make　their　submission。　He　therefore　sent　out　heralds　in　divers　directions　round　about　Greece；　with　orders　to　demand　everywhere　earth　and　water　for　the　king。　At　the　same　time　he　sent　other　heralds　to　the　various　seaport　towns　which　paid　him　tribute；　and　required　them　to　provide　a　number　of　ships　of　war　and　horse…transports。　　　　　These　towns　accordingly　began　their　preparations；　and　the　heralds　who　had　been　sent　into　Greece　obtained　what　the　king　had　bid　t