hey　maintain　that　they　are　the　aboriginal　inhabitants　of　the　part　of　the　mainland　where　they　now　dwell；　and　never　had　any　other　name　than　that　which　they　still　bear；　and　in　proof　of　this　they　show　an　ancient　temple　of　Carian　Jove　in　the　country　of　the　Mylasians；　in　which　the　Mysians　and　Lydians　have　the　right　of　worshipping；　as　brother　races　to　the　Carians：　for　Lydus　and　Mysus；　they　say；　were　brothers　of　Car。　These　nations；　therefore；　have　the　aforesaid　right；　but　such　as　are　of　a　different　race；　even　though　they　have　come　to　use　the　Carian　tongue；　are　excluded　from　this　temple。　　　　　The　Caunians；　in　my　judgment；　are　aboriginals；　but　by　their　own　account　they　came　from　Crete。　In　their　language；　either　they　have　approximated　to　the　Carians；　or　the　Carians　to　them…　on　this　point　I　cannot　speak　with　certainty。　In　their　customs；　however；　they　differ　greatly　from　the　Carians；　and　not　only　so；　but　from　all　other　men。　They　think　it　a　most　honourable　practice　for　friends　or　persons　of　the　same　age；　whether　they　be　men；　women；　or　children；　to　meet　together　in　large　companies；　for　the　purpose　of　drinking　wine。　Again；　on　one　occasion　they　determined　that　they　would　no　longer　make　use　of　the　foreign　temples　which　had　been　long　established　among　them；　but　would　worship　their　own　old　ancestral　gods　alone。　Then　their　whole　youth　took　arms；　and　striking　the　air　with　their　spears；　marched　to　the　Calyndic　frontier；　declaring　that　they　were　driving　out　the　foreign　gods。　　　　　The　Lycians　are　in　good　truth　anciently　from　Crete；　which　island；　in　former　days；　was　wholly　peopled　with　barbarians。　A　quarrel　arising　there　between　the　two　sons　of　Europa；　Sarpedon　and　Minos；　as　to　which　of　them　should　be　king；　Minos；　whose　party　prevailed；　drove　Sarpedon　and　his　followers　into　banishment。　The　exiles　sailed　to　Asia；　and　landed　on　the　Milyan　territory。　Milyas　was　the　ancient　name　of　the　country　now　inhabited　by　the　Lycians：　the　Milyae　of　the　present　day　were；　in　those　times；　called　Solymi。　So　long　as　Sarpedon　reigned；　his　followers　kept　the　name　which　they　brought　with　them　from　Crete；　and　were　called　Termilae；　as　the　Lycians　still　are　by　those　who　live　in　their　neighbourhood。　But　after　Lycus；　the　son　of　Pandion；　banished　from　Athens　by　his　brother　Aegeus　had　found　a　refuge　with　Sarpedon　in　the　country　of　these　Termilae；　they　came；　in　course　of　time；　to　be　called　from　him　Lycians。　Their　customs　are　partly　Cretan；　partly　Carian。　They　have；　however；　one　singular　custom　in　which　they　differ　from　every　other　nation　in　the　world。　They　take　the　mother's　and　not　the　father's　name。　Ask　a　Lycian　who　he　is；　and　he　answers　by　giving　his　own　name；　that　of　his　mother；　and　so　on　in　the　female　line。　Moreover；　if　a　free　woman　marry　a　man　who　is　a　slave；　their　children　are　full　citizens；　but　if　a　free　man　marry　a　foreign　woman；　or　live　with　a　concubine；　even　though　he　be　the　first　person　in　the　State；　the　children　forfeit　all　the　rights　of　citizenship。　　　　　Of　these　nations；　the　Carians　submitted　to　Harpagus　without　performing　any　brilliant　exploits。　Nor　did　the　Greeks　who　dwelt　in　Caria　behave　with　any　greater　gallantry。　Among　them　were　the　Cnidians；　colonists　from　Lacedaemon；　who　occupy　a　district　facing　the　sea；　which　is　called　Triopium。　This　region　adjoins　upon　the　Bybassian　Chersonese；　and；　except　a　very　small　space；　is　surrounded　by　the　sea；　being　bounded　on　the　north　by　the　Ceramic　Gulf；　and　on　the　south　by　the　channel　towards　the　islands　of　Syme　and　Rhodes。　While　Harpagus　was　engaged　in　the　conquest　of　Ionia；　the　Cnidians；　wishing　to　make　their　country　an　island；　attempted　to　cut　through　this　narrow　neck　of　land；　which　was　no　more　than　five　furlongs　across　from　sea　to　sea。　Their　whole　territory　lay　inside　the　isthmus；　for　where　Cnidia　ends　towards　the　mainland；　the　isthmus　begins　which　they　were　now　seeking　to　cut　through。　The　work　had　been　commenced；　and　many　hands　were　employed　upon　it；　when　it　was　observed　that　there　seemed　to　be　something　unusual　and　unnatural　in　the　number　of　wounds　that　the　workmen　received；　especially　about　their　eyes；　from　the　splintering　of　the　rock。　The　Cnidians；　therefore；　sent　to　Delphi；　to　inquire　what　it　was　that　hindered　their　efforts；　and　received；　according　to　their　own　account；　the　following　answer　from　the　oracle：…
  Fence　not　the　isthmus　off；　nor　dig　it　through…　　　　　Jove　would　have　made　an　island；　had　he　wished。
  So　the　Cnidians　ceased　digging；　and　when　Harpagus　advanced　with　his　army；　they　gave　themselves　up　to　him　without　striking　a　blow。　　　　　Above　Halicarnassus　and　further　from　the　coast；　were　the　Pedasians。　With　this　people；　when　any　evil　is　about　to　befall　either　themselves　or　their　neighbours；　the　priestess　of　Minerva　grows　an　ample　beard。　Three　times　has　this　marvel　happened。　They　alone；　of　all　the　dwellers　in　Caria；　resisted　Harpagus　for　a　while；　and　gave　him　much　trouble；　maintaining　themselves　in　a　certain　mountain　called　Lida；　which　they　had　fortified；　but　in　course　of　time　they　also　were　forced　to　submit。　　　　　When　Harpagus；　after　these　successes；　led　his　forces　into　the　Xanthian　plain；　the　Lycians　of　Xanthus　went　out　to　meet　him　in　the　field：　though　but　a　small　band　against　a　numerous　host；　they　engaged　in　battle；　and　performed　many　glorious　exploits。　Overpowered　at　last；　and　forced　within　their　walls；　they　collected　into　the　citadel　their　wives　and　children；　all　their　treasures；　and　their　slaves；　and　having　so　done；　fired　the　building；　and　burnt　it　to　the　ground。　After　this；　they　bound　themselves　together　by　dreadful　oaths；　and　sallying　forth　against　the　enemy；　died　sword　in　hand；　not　one　escaping。　Those　Lycians　who　now　claim　to　be　Xanthians；　are　foreign　immigrants；　except　eighty　families；　who　happened　to　be　absent　from　the　country；　and　so　survived　the　others。　Thus　was　Xanthus　taken　by　Harpagus；　and　Caunus　fell　in　like　manner　into　his　hands；　for　the　Caunians　in　the　main　followed　the　example　of　the　Lycians。　　　　　While　the　lower　parts　of　Asia　were　in　this　way　brought　under　by　Harpagus；　Cyrus　in　person　subjected　the　upper　regions；　conquering　every　nation；　and　not　suffering　one　to　escape。　Of　these　conquests　I　shall　pass　by　the　greater　portion；　and　give　an　account　of　those　only　which　gave　him　the　most　trouble；　and　are　the　worthiest　of　mention。　When　he　had　brought　all　the　rest　of　the　continent　under　his　sway；　he　made　war　on　the　Assyrians。　　　　　Assyria　possesses　a　vast　number　of　great　cities；　whereof　the　most　renowned　and　strongest　at　this　time　was　Babylon；　whither；　after　the　fall　of　Nineveh；　the　seat　of　government　had　been　removed。　The　following　is　a　description　of　the　place：…　The　city　stands　on　a　broad　plain；　and　is　an　exact　square；　a　hundred　and　twenty　furlongs　in　length　each　way；　so　that　the　entire　circuit　is　four　hundred　and　eighty　furlongs。　While　such　is　its　size；　in　magnificence　there　is　no　other　city　that　approaches　to　it。　It　is　surrounded；　in　the　first　place；　by　a　broad　and　deep　moat；　full　of　water；　behind　which　rises　a　wall　fifty　royal　cubits　in　width；　and　two　hundred　in　height。　（The　royal　cubit　is　longer　by　three　fingers'　breadth　than　the　common　cubit。）　　　　　And　here　I　may　not　omit　to　tell　the　use　to　which　the　mould　dug　out　of　the　great　moat　was　turned；　nor　the　manner　wherein　the　wall　was　wrought。　As　fast　as　they　dug　the　moat　the　soil　which　they　got　from　the　cutting　was　made　into　bricks；　and　when　a　sufficient　number　were　completed　they　baked　the　bricks　in　kilns。　Then　they　set　to　building；　and　began　with　bricking　the　borders　of　the　moat；　after　which　they　proceeded　to　construct　the　wall　itself；　using　throughout　for　their　cement　hot　bitumen；　and　interposing　a　layer　of　wattled　reeds　at　every　thirtieth　course　of　the　bricks。　On　the　top；　along　the　edges　of　the　wall；　they　constructed　buildings　of　a　single　chamber　facing　one　another；　leaving　between　them　room　for　a　four…horse　chariot　to　turn。　In　the　circuit　of　the　wall　are　a　hundred　gates；　all　of　brass；　with　brazen　lintels　and　side…posts。　The　bitumen　used　in　the　work　was　brought　to　Babylon　from　the　Is；　a　small　stream　which　flows　into　the　Euphrates　at　the　point　where　the　city　of　the　same　name　stands；　eight　days'　journey　from　Babylon。　Lumps　of　bitumen　are　found　in　great　abundance　in　this　river。　　　　　The　city　is　divided　into　two　portions　by　the　river　which　runs　through　the　midst　of　it。　This　river　is　the　Euphrates；　a　broad；　deep；　swift　stream；　which　rises　in　Armenia；　and　empties　itself　into　the　Erythraean　sea。　The　city　wall　is　brought　down　on　both　sides　to　the　edge　of　the　stream：　thence；　from　the　corners　of　the　wall；　there　is　carried　along　each　bank　of　the　river　a　fence　of　burnt　bricks。　The　houses　are　mostly　three　and　four　stories　high；　the　streets　all　run　in　straight　lines；　not　only　those　parallel　to　the　river；　but　also　the　cross　streets　which　lead　down　to　the　water…side。　At　the　river　end　of　these　cross　streets　are　low　gates　in　the　fence　that　skirts　the　stream；　which　are；　like　the　great　gates　in　the　outer　wall；　of　brass；　and　open　on　the　water。　　　　　The　outer　wall　is　the　main　defence　of　the　city。　There　is；　however；　a　second　inner　wall；　of　less　thickness　than　the　first；　but　very　little　inferior　to　it　in　strength。　The　centre　of　each　division　of　the　town　was　occupied　by　a　fortress。　In　the　one　stood　the　palace　of　the　kings；　surrounded　by　a　wall　of　great　strength　and　size：　in　the　other　was　the