blessed　with　Ionia；　neither　above　it　nor　below　it；　nor　east　nor　west　of　it。　For　in　other　countries　either　the　climate　is　over　cold　and　damp；　or　else　the　heat　and　drought　are　sorely　oppressive。　The　Ionians　do　not　all　speak　the　same　language；　but　use　in　different　places　four　different　dialects。　Towards　the　south　their　first　city　is　Miletus；　next　to　which　lie　Myus　and　Priene；　all　these　three　are　in　Caria　and　have　the　same　dialect。　Their　cities　in　Lydia　are　the　following：　Ephesus；　Colophon；　Lebedus；　Teos；　Clazomenae；　and　Phocaea。　The　inhabitants　of　these　towns　have　none　of　the　peculiarities　of　speech　which　belong　to　the　three　first…named　cities；　but　use　a　dialect　of　their　own。　There　remain　three　other　Ionian　towns；　two　situate　in　isles；　namely；　Samos　and　Chios；　and　one　upon　the　mainland；　which　is　Erythrae。　Of　these　Chios　and　Erythrae　have　the　same　dialect；　while　Samos　possesses　a　language　peculiar　to　itself。　Such　are　the　four　varieties　of　which　I　spoke。　　　　　Of　the　Ionians　at　this　period；　one　people；　the　Milesians；　were　in　no　danger　of　attack；　as　Cyrus　had　received　them　into　alliance。　The　islanders　also　had　as　yet　nothing　to　fear；　since　Phoenicia　was　still　independent　of　Persia；　and　the　Persians　themselves　were　not　a　seafaring　people。　The　Milesians　had　separated　from　the　common　cause　solely　on　account　of　the　extreme　weakness　of　the　Ionians：　for；　feeble　as　the　power　of　the　entire　Hellenic　race　was　at　that　time；　of　all　its　tribes　the　Ionic　was　by　far　the　feeblest　and　least　esteemed；　not　possessing　a　single　State　of　any　mark　excepting　Athens。　The　Athenians　and　most　of　the　other　Ionic　States　over　the　world；　went　so　far　in　their　dislike　of　the　name　as　actually　to　lay　it　aside；　and　even　at　the　present　day　the　greater　number　of　them　seem　to　me　to　be　ashamed　of　it。　But　the　twelve　cities　in　Asia　have　always　gloried　in　the　appellation；　they　gave　the　temple　which　they　built　for　themselves　the　name　of　the　Panionium；　and　decreed　that　it　should　not　be　open　to　any　of　the　other　Ionic　States；　no　State；　however；　except　Smyrna；　has　craved　admission　to　it。　　　　　In　the　same　way　the　Dorians　of　the　region　which　is　now　called　the　Pentapolis；　but　which　was　formerly　known　as　the　Doric　Hexapolis；　exclude　all　their　Dorian　neighbours　from　their　temple；　the　Triopium：　nay；　they　have　even　gone　so　far　as　to　shut　out　from　it　certain　of　their　own　body　who　were　guilty　of　an　offence　against　the　customs　of　the　place。　In　the　games　which　were　anciently　celebrated　in　honour　of　the　Triopian　Apollo；　the　prizes　given　to　the　victors　were　tripods　of　brass；　and　the　rule　was　that　these　tripods　should　not　be　carried　away　from　the　temple；　but　should　then　and　there　be　dedicated　to　the　god。　Now　a　man　of　Halicarnassus；　whose　name　was　Agasicles；　being　declared　victor　in　the　games；　in　open　contempt　of　the　law；　took　the　tripod　home　to　his　own　house　and　there　hung　it　against　the　wall。　As　a　punishment　for　this　fault；　the　five　other　cities；　Lindus；　Ialyssus；　Cameirus；　Cos；　and　Cnidus；　deprived　the　sixth　city；　Halicarnassus；　of　the　right　of　entering　the　temple。　　　　　The　Ionians　founded　twelve　cities　in　Asia；　and　refused　to　enlarge　the　number；　on　account　（as　I　imagine）　of　their　having　been　divided　into　twelve　States　when　they　lived　in　the　Peloponnese；　just　as　the　Achaeans；　who　drove　them　out；　are　at　the　present　day。　The　first　city　of　the　Achaeans　after　Sicyon；　is　Pellene；　next　to　which　are　Aegeira；　Aegae　upon　the　Crathis；　a　stream　which　is　never　dry；　and　from　which　the　Italian　Crathis　received　its　name；…　Bura；　Helice…　where　the　Ionians　took　refuge　on　their　defeat　by　the　Achaean　invaders…　Aegium；　Rhypes；　Patreis；　Phareis；　Olenus　on　the　Peirus；　which　is　a　large　river…　Dyme　and　Tritaeeis；　all　sea…port　towns　except　the　last　two；　which　lie　up　the　country。　　　　　These　are　the　twelve　divisions　of　what　is　now　Achaea；　and　was　formerly　Ionia；　and　it　was　owing　to　their　coming　from　a　country　so　divided　that　the　Ionians；　on　reaching　Asia；　founded　their　twelve　States：　for　it　is　the　height　of　folly　to　maintain　that　these　Ionians　are　more　Ionian　than　the　rest；　or　in　any　respect　better　born；　since　the　truth　is　that　no　small　portion　of　them　were　Abantians　from　Euboea；　who　are　not　even　Ionians　in　name；　and；　besides；　there　were　mixed　up　with　the　emigration　Minyae　from　Orchomenus；　Cadmeians；　Dryopians；　Phocians　from　the　several　cities　of　Phocis；　Molossians；　Arcadian　Pelasgi；　Dorians　from　Epidaurus；　and　many　other　distinct　tribes。　Even　those　who　came　from　the　Prytaneum　of　Athens；　and　reckon　themselves　the　purest　Ionians　of　all；　brought　no　wives　with　them　to　the　new　country；　but　married　Carian　girls；　whose　fathers　they　had　slain。　Hence　these　women　made　a　law；　which　they　bound　themselves　by　an　oath　to　observe；　and　which　they　handed　down　to　their　daughters　after　them；　〃That　none　should　ever　sit　at　meat　with　her　husband；　or　call　him　by　his　name〃；　because　the　invaders　slew　their　fathers；　their　husbands；　and　their　sons；　and　then　forced　them　to　become　their　wives。　It　was　at　Miletus　that　these　events　took　place。　　　　　The　kings；　too；　whom　they　set　over　them；　were　either　Lycians；　of　the　blood　of　Glaucus；　son　of　Hippolochus；　or　Pylian　Caucons　of　the　blood　of　Codrus；　son　of　Melanthus；　or　else　from　both　those　families。　But　since　these　Ionians　set　more　store　by　the　name　than　any　of　the　others；　let　them　pass　for　the　pure…bred　Ionians；　though　truly　all　are　Ionians　who　have　their　origin　from　Athens；　and　keep　the　Apaturia。　This　is　a　festival　which　all　the　Ionians　celebrate；　except　the　Ephesians　and　the　Colophonians；　whom　a　certain　act　of　bloodshed　excludes　from　it。　　　　　The　Panionium　is　a　place　in　Mycale；　facing　the　north；　which　was　chosen　by　the　common　voice　of　the　Ionians　and　made　sacred　to　Heliconian　Neptune。　Mycale　itself　is　a　promontory　of　the　mainland；　stretching　out　westward　towards　Samos；　in　which　the　Ionians　assemble　from　all　their　States　to　keep　the　feast　of　the　Panionia。　The　names　of　festivals；　not　only　among　the　Ionians　but　among　all　the　Greeks；　end；　like　the　Persian　proper　names；　in　one　and　the　same　letter。　　　　　The　above…mentioned；　then；　are　the　twelve　towns　of　the　Ionians。　The　Aeolic　cities　are　the　following：…　Cyme；　called　also　Phriconis；　Larissa；　Neonteichus；　Temnus；　Cilla；　Notium；　Aegiroessa；　Pitane；　Aegaeae；　Myrina；　and　Gryneia。　These　are　the　eleven　ancient　cities　of　the　Aeolians。　Originally；　indeed；　they　had　twelve　cities　upon　the　mainland；　like　the　Ionians；　but　the　Ionians　deprived　them　of　Smyrna；　one　of　the　number。　The　soil　of　Aeolis　is　better　than　that　of　Ionia；　but　the　climate　is　less　agreeable。　　　　　The　following　is　the　way　in　which　the　loss　of　Smyrna　happened。　Certain　men　of　Colophon　had　been　engaged　in　a　sedition　there；　and　being　the　weaker　party；　were　driven　by　the　others　into　banishment。　The　Smyrnaeans　received　the　fugitives；　who；　after　a　time；　watching　their　opportunity；　while　the　inhabitants　were　celebrating　a　feast　to　Bacchus　outside　the　walls；　shut　to　the　gates；　and　so　got　possession　of　the　town。　The　Aeolians　of　the　other　States　came　to　their　aid；　and　terms　were　agreed　on　between　the　parties；　the　Ionians　consenting　to　give　up　all　the　moveables；　and　the　Aeolians　making　a　surrender　of　the　place。　The　expelled　Smyrnaeans　were　distributed　among　the　other　States　of　the　Aeolians；　and　were　everywhere　admitted　to　citizenship。　　　　　These；　then；　were　all　the　Aeolic　cities　upon　the　mainland；　with　the　exception　of　those　about　Mount　Ida；　which　made　no　part　of　this　confederacy。　As　for　the　islands；　Lesbos　contains　five　cities。　Arisba；　the　sixth；　was　taken　by　the　Methymnaeans；　their　kinsmen；　and　the　inhabitants　reduced　to　slavery。　Tenedos　contains　one　city；　and　there　is　another　which　is　built　on　what　are　called　the　Hundred　Isles。　The　Aeolians　of　Lesbos　and　Tenedos；　like　the　Ionian　islanders；　had　at　this　time　nothing　to　fear。　The　other　Aeolians　decided　in　their　common　assembly　to　follow　the　Ionians；　whatever　course　they　should　pursue。　　　　　When　the　deputies　of　the　Ionians　and　Aeolians；　who　had　journeyed　with　all　speed　to　Sparta；　reached　the　city；　they　chose　one　of　their　number；　Pythermus；　a　Phocaean；　to　be　their　spokesman。　In　order　to　draw　together　as　large　an　audience　as　possible；　he　clothed　himself　in　a　purple　garment；　and　so　attired　stood　forth　to　speak。　In　a　long　discourse　he　besought　the　Spartans　to　come　to　the　assistance　of　his　countrymen；　but　they　were　not　to　be　persuaded；　and　voted　against　sending　any　succour。　The　deputies　accordingly　went　their　way；　while　the　Lacedaemonians；　notwithstanding　the　refusal　which　they　had　given　to　the　prayer　of　the　deputation；　despatched　a　penteconter　to　the　Asiatic　coast　with　certain　Spartans　on　board；　for　the　purpose；　as　I　think；　of　watching　Cyrus　and　Ionia。　These　men；　on　their　arrival　at　Phocaea；　sent　to　Sardis　Lacrines；　the　most　distinguished　of　their　number；　to　prohibit　Cyrus；　in　the　name　of　the　Lacedaemonians；　from　offering　molestation　to　any　city　of　Greece；　since　they　would　not　allow　it。　　　　　Cyrus　is　said；　on　hearing　the　speech　of　the　herald；　to　have　asked　some　Greeks　who　were　standing　by；　〃Who　these　Lacedaemonians　were；　and　what　was　their　number；　that　they　dared　to　send　him　such　a　notice？〃　When　he　had　received　their　reply；　he　turned　to　the　Spartan　herald　and　said；　〃I　have　never　yet　been　afraid　of　any　men；　who　have　a　set　place　in　the　middle　of　their　city；　where　they　come　together　to　cheat　each