…　his　mother　a　Median　princess；　daughter　of　King　Astyages；　and　his　father　a　Persian　and　a　subject；　who；　though　so　far　beneath　her　in　all　respects；　had　married　his　royal　mistress。〃　　　　　Such　was　the　answer　of　the　Pythoness。　The　Lydians　returned　to　Sardis　and　communicated　it　to　Croesus；　who　confessed；　on　hearing　it；　that　the　fault　was　his；　not　the　god's。　Such　was　the　way　in　which　Ionia　was　first　conquered；　and　so　was　the　empire　of　Croesus　brought　to　a　close。　　　　　Besides　the　offerings　which　have　been　already　mentioned；　there　are　many　others　in　various　parts　of　Greece　presented　by　Croesus；　as　at　Thebes　in　Boeotia；　where　there　is　a　golden　tripod；　dedicated　by　him　to　Ismenian　Apollo；　at　Ephesus；　where　the　golden　heifers；　and　most　of　the　columns　are　his　gift；　and　at　Delphi；　in　the　temple　of　Pronaia；　where　there　is　a　huge　shield　in　gold；　which　he　gave。　All　these　offerings　were　still　in　existence　in　my　day；　many　others　have　perished：　among　them　those　which　he　dedicated　at　Branchidae　in　Milesia；　equal　in　weight；　as　I　am　informed；　and　in　all　respects　like　to　those　at　Delphi。　The　Delphian　presents；　and　those　sent　to　Amphiaraus；　came　from　his　own　private　property；　being　the　first…fruits　of　the　fortune　which　he　inherited　from　his　father；　his　other　offerings　came　from　the　riches　of　an　enemy；　who；　before　he　mounted　the　throne；　headed　a　party　against　him；　with　the　view　of　obtaining　the　crown　of　Lydia　for　Pantaleon。　This　Pantaleon　was　a　son　of　Alyattes；　but　by　a　different　mother　from　Croesus；　for　the　mother　of　Croesus　was　a　Carian　woman；　but　the　mother　of　Pantaleon　an　Ionian。　When；　by　the　appointment　of　his　father；　Croesus　obtained　the　kingly　dignity；　he　seized　the　man　who　had　plotted　against　him；　and　broke　him　upon　the　wheel。　His　property；　which　he　had　previously　devoted　to　the　service　of　the　gods；　Croesus　applied　in　the　way　mentioned　above。　This　is　all　I　shall　say　about　his　offerings。　　　　　Lydia；　unlike　most　other　countries；　scarcely　offers　any　wonders　for　the　historian　to　describe；　except　the　gold…dust　which　is　washed　down　from　the　range　of　Tmolus。　It　has；　however；　one　structure　of　enormous　size；　only　inferior　to　the　monuments　of　Egypt　and　Babylon。　This　is　the　tomb　of　Alyattes；　the　father　of　Croesus；　the　base　of　which　is　formed　of　immense　blocks　of　stone；　the　rest　being　a　vast　mound　of　earth。　It　was　raised　by　the　joint　labour　of　the　tradesmen；　handicraftsmen；　and　courtesans　of　Sardis；　and　had　at　the　top　five　stone　pillars；　which　remained　to　my　day；　with　inscriptions　cut　on　them；　showing　how　much　of　the　work　was　done　by　each　class　of　workpeople。　It　appeared　on　measurement　that　the　portion　of　the　courtesans　was　the　largest。　The　daughters　of　the　common　people　in　Lydia；　one　and　all；　pursue　this　traffic；　wishing　to　collect　money　for　their　portions。　They　continue　the　practice　till　they　marry；　and　are　wont　to　contract　themselves　in　marriage。　The　tomb　is　six　stades　and　two　plethra　in　circumference；　its　breadth　is　thirteen　plethra。　Close　to　the　tomb　is　a　large　lake；　which　the　Lydians　say　is　never　dry。　They　call　it　the　Lake　Gygaea。　　　　　The　Lydians　have　very　nearly　the　same　customs　as　the　Greeks；　with　the　exception　that　these　last　do　not　bring　up　their　girls　in　the　same　way。　So　far　as　we　have　any　knowledge；　they　were　the　first　nation　to　introduce　the　use　of　gold　and　silver　coin；　and　the　first　who　sold　goods　by　retail。　They　claim　also　the　invention　of　all　the　games　which　are　common　to　them　with　the　Greeks。　These　they　declare　that　they　invented　about　the　time　when　they　colonised　Tyrrhenia；　an　event　of　which　they　give　the　following　account。　In　the　days　of　Atys；　the　son　of　Manes；　there　was　great　scarcity　through　the　whole　land　of　Lydia。　For　some　time　the　Lydians　bore　the　affliction　patiently；　but　finding　that　it　did　not　pass　away；　they　set　to　work　to　devise　remedies　for　the　evil。　Various　expedients　were　discovered　by　various　persons；　dice；　and　huckle…bones；　and　ball；　and　all　such　games　were　invented；　except　tables；　the　invention　of　which　they　do　not　claim　as　theirs。　The　plan　adopted　against　the　famine　was　to　engage　in　games　one　day　so　entirely　as　not　to　feel　any　craving　for　food；　and　the　next　day　to　eat　and　abstain　from　games。　In　this　way　they　passed　eighteen　years。　Still　the　affliction　continued　and　even　became　more　grievous。　So　the　king　determined　to　divide　the　nation　in　half；　and　to　make　the　two　portions　draw　lots；　the　one　to　stay；　the　other　to　leave　the　land。　He　would　continue　to　reign　over　those　whose　lot　it　should　be　to　remain　behind；　the　emigrants　should　have　his　son　Tyrrhenus　for　their　leader。　The　lot　was　cast；　and　they　who　had　to　emigrate　went　down　to　Smyrna；　and　built　themselves　ships；　in　which；　after　they　had　put　on　board　all　needful　stores；　they　sailed　away　in　search　of　new　homes　and　better　sustenance。　After　sailing　past　many　countries　they　came　to　Umbria；　where　they　built　cities　for　themselves；　and　fixed　their　residence。　Their　former　name　of　Lydians　they　laid　aside；　and　called　themselves　after　the　name　of　the　king's　son；　who　led　the　colony；　Tyrrhenians。　　　　　Thus　far　I　have　been　engaged　in　showing　how　the　Lydians　were　brought　under　the　Persian　yoke。　The　course　of　my　history　now　compels　me　to　inquire　who　this　Cyrus　was　by　whom　the　Lydian　empire　was　destroyed；　and　by　what　means　the　Persians　had　become　the　lords　paramount　of　Asia。　And　herein　I　shall　follow　those　Persian　authorities　whose　object　it　appears　to　be　not　to　magnify　the　exploits　of　Cyrus；　but　to　relate　the　simple　truth。　I　know　besides　three　ways　in　which　the　story　of　Cyrus　is　told；　all　differing　from　my　own　narrative。　　　　　The　Assyrians　had　held　the　Empire　of　Upper　Asia　for　the　space　of　five　hundred　and　twenty　years；　when　the　Medes　set　the　example　of　revolt　from　their　authority。　They　took　arms　for　the　recovery　of　their　freedom；　and　fought　a　battle　with　the　Assyrians；　in　which　they　behaved　with　such　gallantry　as　to　shake　off　the　yoke　of　servitude；　and　to　become　a　free　people。　Upon　their　success　the　other　nations　also　revolted　and　regained　their　independence。　　　　　Thus　the　nations　over　that　whole　extent　of　country　obtained　the　blessing　of　self…government；　but　they　fell　again　under　the　sway　of　kings；　in　the　manner　which　I　will　now　relate。　There　was　a　certain　Mede　named　Deioces；　son　of　Phraortes；　a　man　of　much　wisdom；　who　had　conceived　the　desire　of　obtaining　to　himself　the　sovereign　power。　In　furtherance　of　his　ambition；　therefore；　he　formed　and　carried　into　execution　the　following　scheme。　As　the　Medes　at　that　time　dwelt　in　scattered　villages　without　any　central　authority；　and　lawlessness　in　consequence　prevailed　throughout　the　land；　Deioces；　who　was　already　a　man　of　mark　in　his　own　village；　applied　himself　with　greater　zeal　and　earnestness　than　ever　before　to　the　practice　of　justice　among　his　fellows。　It　was　his　conviction　that　justice　and　injustice　are　engaged　in　perpetual　war　with　one　another。　He　therefore　began　his　course　of　conduct；　and　presently　the　men　of　his　village；　observing　his　integrity；　chose　him　to　be　the　arbiter　of　all　their　disputes。　Bent　on　obtaining　the　sovereign　power；　he　showed　himself　an　honest　and　an　upright　judge；　and　by　these　means　gained　such　credit　with　his　fellow…citizens　as　to　attract　the　attention　of　those　who　lived　in　the　surrounding　villages。　They　had　long　been　suffering　from　unjust　and　oppressive　judgments；　so　that；　when　they　heard　of　the　singular　uprightness　of　Deioces；　and　of　the　equity　of　his　decisions；　they　joyfully　had　recourse　to　him　in　the　various　quarrels　and　suits　that　arose；　until　at　last　they　came　to　put　confidence　in　no　one　else。　　　　　The　number　of　complaints　brought　before　him　continually　increasing；　as　people　learnt　more　and　more　the　fairness　of　his　judgments；　Deioces；　feeling　himself　now　all　important；　announced　that　he　did　not　intend　any　longer　to　hear　causes；　and　appeared　no　more　in　the　seat　in　which　he　had　been　accustomed　to　sit　and　administer　justice。　〃It　did　not　square　with　his　interests；〃　he　said；　〃to　spend　the　whole　day　in　regulating　other　men's　affairs　to　the　neglect　of　his　own。〃　Hereupon　robbery　and　lawlessness　broke　out　afresh；　and　prevailed　through　the　country　even　more　than　heretofore；　wherefore　the　Medes　assembled　from　all　quarters；　and　held　a　consultation　on　the　state　of　affairs。　The　speakers；　as　I　think；　were　chiefly　friends　of　Deioces。　〃We　cannot　possibly；〃　they　said；　〃go　on　living　in　this　country　if　things　continue　as　they　now　are；　let　us　therefore　set　a　king　over　us；　that　so　the　land　may　be　well　governed；　and　we　ourselves　may　be　able　to　attend　to　our　own　affairs；　and　not　be　forced　to　quit　our　country　on　account　of　anarchy。〃　The　assembly　was　persuaded　by　these　arguments；　and　resolved　to　appoint　a　king。　　　　　It　followed　to　determine　who　should　be　chosen　to　the　office。　When　this　debate　began　the　claims　of　Deioces　and　his　praises　were　at　once　in　every　mouth；　so　that　presently　all　agreed　that　he　should　be　king。　Upon　this　he　required　a　palace　to　be　built　for　him　suitable　to　his　rank；　and　a　guard　to　be　given　him　for　his　person。　The　Medes　complied；　and　built　him　a　strong　and　large　palace；　on　a　spot　which　he　himself　pointed　out；　and　likewise　gave　him　liberty　to　choose　himself　a　bodyguard　from　the　whole　nation。　Thus　settled　upon　the　throne；　he　further　required　them　to　build　a　single　great　city；　and；　disregarding　the　petty　towns　in　which　they　had　formerly