第 14 节
作者:铲除不公      更新:2021-02-21 16:01      字数:9321
  cted; the performance of the six…inch circle will appear fully equal to that of circles of the larger dimension。  The comparison with the two stations; at which a more than usual attention was bestowed; is the more appropriate; because it was essential to the purposes for which the latitudes of the French stations were required; that the observations should always be conducted with the utmost possible regard to accuracy。
  〃It would appear; therefore; that in a repeating circle of six inches; the disadvantages of a smaller image enabling a less precise contact or bisection; and of an arch of less radius admitting of a less minute subdivision; may be compensated by the principle of repetition。〃
  Captain Sabine has pointed out Maranham and Spitzbergen as places most favourable to the comparison。  Let us take the former of these places; and compare the observations made there with the small repeating instrument of six inches diameter; with those made by the French astronomers at Formentera; with a repeating circle of forty…one centi…metres; or about sixteen inches in diameter; made by Fortin。  It is singular that this instrument was directed; by the French Board of Longitude; to be made expressly for this survey; and the French astronomers paid particular attention to it; from the circumstance of some doubts having been entertained respecting the value of the principle of repetition。
  The following series of observations were made with the two instruments。 'I have chosen the inferior meridian altitude of Polaris; merely because the number of sets of observations are rather fewer。  The difference between the extremes of the altitude of Polaris; deduced from sets taken above the pole by the same observers; amounts to seven seconds and a half。'
  Latitude deduced from Polaris; with a repeating circle; 16 inches diameter。BASE DU SYSTEME METRIQUE; tom。 iv。 p。 376。 1807。
  Number of           Latitude              Names of Observers。 Observations。       of Formentera。
  deg。 min。 sec。  64                  38  39  55。3         Biot 100                          54。7         Arago  10                          56。2         Biot  88                          56。9         Biot 120                          56。7         Arago  84                          54。9         Biot 100                          56。5         Arago 102                          57。1         Arago  80                          54。5         Biot  88                          53。3         Arago  90                          53。6         Arago  88                          53。8         Arago  92                          53。7         Arago  42                          55。6         Chaix  90                          54。1         Chaix  80                          53。9         Arago
  Mean of 1318 Observations; 38deg。 39min。 54。93sec。
  *
  Sets of Observations made with a six…inch repeating circle; at Maranham。
  Star。               Number of         Latitude       Observer。                     Observations。     deduced。
  deg。 min。 sec。 alpha Lyrae             8           2    31  42。4    Capt。 Sabine alpha Lyrae            12                    43。8     Ditto alpha Pavonis          10                    44。5     Ditto alpha Lyrae            12                    44。6     Ditto alpha Cygni            12                    42。1     Ditto alpha Gruris           12                    42。2     Ditto
  Mean latitude deduced from 66 observations 2deg。 31min 43。3sec。
  In comparing these results; although the French observations were more than twenty times as numerous as the English; yet the deviations of the individual sets from the mean are greater。  One second and three…tenths is the greatest deviation from the mean of the Maranham observations; whilst the greatest deviation of those of Formentera; is two seconds and two…tenths。  If this mode of comparison should be thought unfair; on account of the greater number of the sets in the French observations; let any six; in succession; of those sets be taken; and compared with the six English sets; and it will be found that in no one instance is the greatest deviation from the mean of the whole of the observations less than in those of Maranham。 It must also be borne in mind; that by the latitude deduced by the mean of 1250 superior culminations of Polaris by the same observers; the latitude of Formentera was found to be 38deg。 39min 57。07sec。; a result differing by 2。14sec。 from the mean of the 1318 inferior culminations given above。 'This difference cannot be accounted for by any  difference in the tables of refraction; as neither the employment of those of Bradley; of Piazzi; of the French; of Groombridge; of Young; of Ivory; of Bessel; or of Carlini; would make a difference of two…tenths of a second。'
  These facts alone ought to have awakened the attention of Captain Sabine; and of those who examined and officially pronounced on the merits of his observations; for; supposing the skill of the observers equal; it seems a necessary consequence that 〃the performance of the six…inch circle is〃 not merely 〃fully equal to that of circles of larger dimensions;〃 but that it is decidedly SUPERIOR to one of sixteen inches in diameter。
  This opinion did indeed gain ground for a time; but; fortunately for astronomy; long after these observations were made; published; and rewarded; Captain Kater; having borrowed the same instrument; discovered that the divisions of its level; which Captain Sabine had considered to be equal to one second each; were; in fact; more nearly equal to eleven seconds; each one being 10。9sec。  This circumstance rendered necessary a recalculation of all the observations made with that instrument: a re…calculation which I am not aware Captain Sabine has ever thought it necessary to publish。  'Above two hundred sets of observations with this instrument are given in the work alluded to。  It can never be esteemed satisfactory merely to state the mean results of the corrections arising from this error:  for the confidence to be attached to that mean will depend on the nature of the deviations from it。'
  This is the more to be regretted; as it bears upon a point of considerable importance to navigation; and if it should have caused any alteration in his opinion as to the comparative merits of great and small instruments; it might have been expected from a gentleman; who was expressly directed by the Board of Longitude; to try the question with an instrument constructed for that especial purpose。
  Finding that this has not been done by the person best qualified for the task; perhaps a few remarks from one who has no pretensions to familiarity with the instrument; may tend towards elucidating this interesting question。
  The following table gives the latitudes as corrected for the error of level:
  Station。       Star              Latitude      Latitude        Diffe…                                   by Capt。    corrected for     rence                                   Sabine      error of level。
  deg。min。sec。   deg。min。sec。    sec。 Sierra Leone  Sirius             8  29  27。9    8  29  34。7    6。8
  Ascension     Alph。Centuri       7  55  46。7    7  55  40。1    6。6
  Bahia         Alph。Lyrae        12  59  19。4   12  59  21。4    2。0               Alph。Lyrae                21。2       58  49。8   31。4               Alph。Pavonis              22。4       59   5。1   17。3
  Maranham      Alph。Lyrae         2  31  42。4    2  31  22     20。4               Alph。Lyrae                43。8           31。8   12。0               Alph。Pavonis              44。5           44       。5               Alph。Lyrae                44。6           42。6    2。0               Alph。Cygni                42。1           39。2    2。9               Alph。Gruris               42。2           27。4   14。8
  Trinidad      Achernar          10  38  56。1   10  38  58。2    2。1               Alph。Gruris               52。2           50。8    1。4               Achernar                  59。3           56。6    2。7
  Jamaica       Polaris           17  56   8。6   17  56   4。6    4。0                                          6。6            3。3    3。3
  New York      Sun               40  42  40。1   40  42  44。6    4。5               Polaris                   48。9           38。2   10。7               Sun                       41。4           47。2    5。8               Beta Urs。Min。             42。3           58。4   16。1
  Hammerfest    Sun               70  40   5。3   70  40   7。2    1。9
  Spitzbergen   Sun               79  49  56。1   79  49  58。6    2。5               Sun                       55。9           44。8   11。1               Sun                       58。6           52。7    5。9               Sun                       59。3           51。6    7。7               Sun                       55。8           51。6    4。2               Sun                   50   1。5           57。0    4。5
  Greenland     Sun               74  32  19。9   74  32  32。4   12。4               Sun                       17。9           18。7    0。8
  Drontheim     Sun               63  25  51。3   63  26   6。1   14。8               Alph。Urs。Min。             57。2           49。4    7。8
  This presents a very different