alone　as　shall　be　appointed　to　it　amongst　them；　and　by　such　rules　as
  the　community；　or　those　authorised　by　them　to　that　purpose；　shall
  agree　on。　And　in　this　we　have　the　original　right　and　rise　of　both
  the　legislative　and　executive　power　as　well　as　of　the　governments
  and　societies　themselves。
  128。　For　in　the　state　of　Nature　to　omit　the　liberty　he　has　of
  innocent　delights；　a　man　has　two　powers。　The　first　is　to　do　whatsoever
  he　thinks　fit　for　the　preservation　of　himself　and　others　within　the
  permission　of　the　law　of　Nature；　by　which　law；　common　to　them　all；
  he　and　all　the　rest　of　mankind　are　one　community；　make　up　one
  society　distinct　from　all　other　creatures；　and　were　it　not　for　the
  corruption　and　viciousness　of　degenerate　men；　there　would　be　no　need
  of　any　other；　no　necessity　that　men　should　separate　from　this　great
  and　natural　community；　and　associate　into　lesser　combinations。　The
  other　power　a　man　has　in　the　state　of　Nature　is　the　power　to　punish
  the　crimes　committed　against　that　law。　Both　these　he　gives　up　when
  he　joins　in　a　private；　if　I　may　so　call　it；　or　particular　political
  society；　and　incorporates　into　any　commonwealth　separate　from　the　rest
  of　mankind。
  129。　The　first　power…　viz。；　of　doing　whatsoever　he　thought　fit　for
  the　preservation　of　himself　and　the　rest　of　mankind；　he　gives　up　to　be
  regulated　by　laws　made　by　the　society；　so　far　forth　as　the
  preservation　of　himself　and　the　rest　of　that　society　shall　require；
  which　laws　of　the　society　in　many　things　confine　the　liberty　he　had　by
  the　law　of　Nature。
  130。　Secondly；　the　power　of　punishing　he　wholly　gives　up；　and
  engages　his　natural　force；　which　he　might　before　employ　in　the
  execution　of　the　law　of　Nature；　by　his　own　single　authority；　as　he
  thought　fit；　to　assist　the　executive　power　of　the　society　as　the　law
  thereof　shall　require。　For　being　now　in　a　new　state；　wherein　he　is
  to　enjoy　many　conveniencies　from　the　labour；　assistance；　and　society
  of　others　in　the　same　community；　as　well　as　protection　from　its
  whole　strength；　he　is　to　part　also　with　as　much　of　his　natural
  liberty；　in　providing　for　himself；　as　the　good；　prosperity；　and　safety
  of　the　society　shall　require；　which　is　not　only　necessary　but　just；
  since　the　other　members　of　the　society　do　the　like。
  131。　But　though　men　when　they　enter　into　society　give　up　the
  equality；　liberty；　and　executive　power　they　had　in　the　state　of　Nature
  into　the　hands　of　the　society；　to　be　so　far　disposed　of　by　the
  legislative　as　the　good　of　the　society　shall　require；　yet　it　being
  only　with　an　intention　in　every　one　the　better　to　preserve　himself；
  his　liberty　and　property　（for　no　rational　creature　can　be　supposed
  to　change　his　condition　with　an　intention　to　be　worse）；　the　power　of
  the　society　or　legislative　constituted　by　them　can　never　be　supposed
  to　extend　farther　than　the　common　good；　but　is　obliged　to　secure　every
  one's　property　by　providing　against　those　three　defects　above
  mentioned　that　made　the　state　of　Nature　so　unsafe　and　uneasy。　And
  so；　whoever　has　the　legislative　or　supreme　power　of　any
  commonwealth；　is　bound　to　govern　by　established　standing　laws；
  promulgated　and　known　to　the　people；　and　not　by　extemporary　decrees；
  by　indifferent　and　upright　judges；　who　are　to　decide　controversies
  by　those　laws；　and　to　employ　the　force　of　the　community　at　home　only
  in　the　execution　of　such　laws；　or　abroad　to　prevent　or　redress　foreign
  injuries　and　secure　the　community　from　inroads　and　invasion。　And　all
  this　to　be　directed　to　no　other　end　but　the　peace；　safety；　and
  public　good　of　the　people。
  Chapter　X
  Of　the　Forms　of　a　Commonwealth
  132。　THE　majority　having；　as　has　been　showed；　upon　men's　first
  uniting　into　society；　the　whole　power　of　the　community　naturally　in
  them；　may　employ　all　that　power　in　making　laws　for　the　community
  from　time　to　time；　and　executing　those　laws　by　officers　of　their　own
  appointing；　and　then　the　form　of　the　government　is　a　perfect
  democracy；　or　else　may　put　the　power　of　making　laws　into　the　hands
  of　a　few　select　men；　and　their　heirs　or　successors；　and　then　it　is
  an　oligarchy；　or　else　into　the　hands　of　one　man；　and　then　it　is　a
  monarchy；　if　to　him　and　his　heirs；　it　is　a　hereditary　monarchy；　if
  to　him　only　for　life；　but　upon　his　death　the　power　only　of
  nominating　a　successor；　to　return　to　them；　an　elective　monarchy。　And
  so　accordingly　of　these　make　compounded　and　mixed　forms　of　government；
  as　they　think　good。　And　if　the　legislative　power　be　at　first　given
  by　the　majority　to　one　or　more　persons　only　for　their　lives；　or　any
  limited　time；　and　then　the　supreme　power　to　revert　to　them　again；　when
  it　is　so　reverted　the　community　may　dispose　of　it　again　anew　into　what
  hands　they　please；　and　so　constitute　a　new　form　of　government；　for　the
  form　of　government　depending　upon　the　placing　the　supreme　power；　which
  is　the　legislative；　it　being　impossible　to　conceive　that　an　inferior
  power　should　prescribe　to　a　superior；　or　any　but　the　supreme　make
  laws；　according　as　the　power　of　making　laws　is　placed；　such　is　the
  form　of　the　commonwealth。
  133。　By　〃commonwealth〃　I　must　be　understood　all　along　to　mean　not
  a　democracy；　or　any　form　of　government；　but　any　independent
  community　which　the　Latins　signified　by　the　word　civitas；　to　which　the
  word　which　best　answers　in　our　language　is　〃commonwealth；〃　and　most
  properly　expresses　such　a　society　of　men　which　〃community〃　does　not
  （for　there　may　be　subordinate　communities　in　a　government）；　and　〃city〃
  much　less。　And　therefore；　to　avoid　ambiguity；　I　crave　leave　to　use　the
  word　〃commonwealth〃　in　that　sense；　in　which　sense　I　find　the　word　used
  by　King　James　himself；　which　I　think　to　be　its　genuine
  signification；　which；　if　anybody　dislike；　I　consent　with　him　to　change
  it　for　a　better。
  Chapter　XI
  Of　the　Extent　of　the　Legislative　Power
  134。　THE　great　end　of　men's　entering　into　society　being　the
  enjoyment　of　their　properties　in　peace　and　safety；　and　the　great
  instrument　and　means　of　that　being　the　laws　established　in　that
  society；　the　first　and　fundamental　positive　law　of　all　commonwealths
  is　the　establishing　of　the　legislative　power；　as　the　first　and
  fundamental　natural　law　which　is　to　govern　even　the　legislative。
  Itself　is　the　preservation　of　the　society　and　（as　far　as　will
  consist　with　the　public　good）　of　every　person　in　it。　This
  legislative　is　not　only　the　supreme　power　of　the　commonwealth；　but
  sacred　and　unalterable　in　the　hands　where　the　community　have　once
  placed　it。　Nor　can　any　edict　of　anybody　else；　in　what　form　soever
  conceived；　or　by　what　power　soever　backed；　have　the　force　and
  obligation　of　a　law　which　has　not　its　sanction　from　that　legislative
  which　the　public　has　chosen　and　appointed；　for　without　this　the　law
  could　not　have　that　which　is　absolutely　necessary　to　its　being　a
  law；　the　consent　of　the　society；　over　whom　nobody　can　have　a　power
  to　make　laws*　but　by　their　own　consent　and　by　authority　received
  from　them；　and　therefore　all　the　obedience；　which　by　the　most　solemn
  ties　any　one　can　be　obliged　to　pay；　ultimately　terminates　in　this
  supreme　power；　and　is　directed　by　those　laws　which　it　enacts。　Nor
  can　any　oaths　to　any　foreign　power　whatsoever；　or　any　domestic
  subordinate　power；　discharge　any　member　of　the　society　from　his
  obedience　to　the　legislative；　acting　pursuant　to　their　trust；　nor
  oblige　him　to　any　obedience　contrary　to　the　laws　so　enacted　or　farther
  than　they　do　allow；　it　being　ridiculous　to　imagine　one　can　be　tied
  ultimately　to　obey　any　power　in　the　society　which　is　not　the　supreme。
  *　〃The　lawful　power　of　making　laws　to　command　whole　politic
  societies　of　men；　belonging　so　properly　unto　the　same　entire
  societies；　that　for　any　prince　or　potentate；　of　what　kind　soever
  upon　earth；　to　exercise　the　same　of　himself；　and　not　by　express
  commission　immediately　and　personally　received　from　God；　or　else　by
  authority　derived　at　the　first　from　their　consent；　upon　whose
  persons　they　impose　laws；　it　is　no　better　than　mere　tyranny。　Laws　they
  are　not；　therefore；　which　public　approbation　hath　not　made　so。〃
  Hooker；　ibid。　10。
  〃Of　this　point；　therefore；　we　are　to　note　that　such　men　naturally
  have　no　full　and　perfect　power　to　command　whole　politic　multitudes
  of　men；　therefore　utterly　without　our　consent　we　could　in　such　sort　be
  at　no　man's　commandment　living。　And　to　be　commanded；　we　do　consent
  when　that　society；　whereof　we　be　a　part；　hath　at　any　time　before
  consented；　without　revoking　the　same　after　by　the　like　universal
  agreement。
  〃Laws　therefore　human；　of　what　kind　soever；　are　available　by
  consent。〃　Hooker；　Ibid。
  135。　Though　the　legislative；　whether　placed　in　one　or　more；
  whether　it　be　always　in　being　or　only　by　intervals；　though　it　be　the
  supreme　power　in　every　commonwealth；　yet；　first；　it　is　not；　nor　can
  possibly　be；　absolutely　arbitrary　over　the　lives　and　fortunes　of　the
  people。　For　it　being　but　the　joint　power　of　every　member　of　the
  society　given　up　to　that　person　or　assembly　which　is　legislator；　it
  can　be　no　mo