of　discretion；　and　then　he　is　a　free　man；　at　liberty　what　government
  he　will　put　himself　under；　what　body　politic　he　will　unite　himself　to。
  For　if　an　Englishman's　son　born　in　France　be　at　liberty；　and　may　do
  so；　it　is　evident　there　is　no　tie　upon　him　by　his　father　being　a
  subject　of　that　kingdom；　nor　is　he　bound　up　by　any　compact　of　his
  ancestors；　and　why　then　hath　not　his　son；　by　the　same　reason；　the　same
  liberty；　though　he　be　born　anywhere　else？　Since　the　power　that　a
  father　hath　naturally　over　his　children　is　the　same　wherever　they　be
  born；　and　the　ties　of　natural　obligations　are　not　bounded　by　the
  positive　limits　of　kingdoms　and　commonwealths。
  119。　Every　man　being；　as　has　been　showed；　naturally　free；　and
  nothing　being　able　to　put　him　into　subjection　to　any　earthly　power；
  but　only　his　own　consent；　it　is　to　be　considered　what　shall　be
  understood　to　be　a　sufficient　declaration　of　a　man's　consent　to　make
  him　subject　to　the　laws　of　any　government。　There　is　a　common
  distinction　of　an　express　and　a　tacit　consent；　which　will　concern
  our　present　case。　Nobody　doubts　but　an　express　consent　of　any　man；
  entering　into　any　society；　makes　him　a　perfect　member　of　that　society；
  a　subject　of　that　government。　The　difficulty　is；　what　ought　to　be
  looked　upon　as　a　tacit　consent；　and　how　far　it　binds…　i。e。；　how　far
  any　one　shall　be　looked　on　to　have　consented；　and　thereby　submitted　to
  any　government；　where　he　has　made　no　expressions　of　it　at　all。　And
  to　this　I　say；　that　every　man　that　hath　any　possession　or　enjoyment　of
  any　part　of　the　dominions　of　any　government　doth　hereby　give　his　tacit
  consent；　and　is　as　far　forth　obliged　to　obedience　to　the　laws　of
  that　government；　during　such　enjoyment；　as　any　one　under　it；　whether
  this　his　possession　be　of　land　to　him　and　his　heirs　for　ever；　or　a
  lodging　only　for　a　week；　or　whether　it　be　barely　travelling　freely
  on　the　highway；　and；　in　effect；　it　reaches　as　far　as　the　very　being　of
  any　one　within　the　territories　of　that　government。
  120。　To　understand　this　the　better；　it　is　fit　to　consider　that　every
  man　when　he　at　first　incorporates　himself　into　any　commonwealth；　he；
  by　his　uniting　himself　thereunto；　annexes　also；　and　submits　to　the
  community　those　possessions　which　he　has；　or　shall　acquire；　that　do
  not　already　belong　to　any　other　government。　For　it　would　be　a　direct
  contradiction　for　any　one　to　enter　into　society　with　others　for　the
  securing　and　regulating　of　property；　and　yet　to　suppose　his　land；
  whose　property　is　to　be　regulated　by　the　laws　of　the　society；　should
  be　exempt　from　the　jurisdiction　of　that　government　to　which　he
  himself；　and　the　property　of　the　land；　is　a　subject。　By　the　same
  act；　therefore；　whereby　any　one　unites　his　person；　which　was　before
  free；　to　any　commonwealth；　by　the　same　he　unites　his　possessions；
  which　were　before　free；　to　it　also；　and　they　become；　both　of　them；
  person　and　possession；　subject　to　the　government　and　dominion　of
  that　commonwealth　as　long　as　it　hath　a　being。　Whoever　therefore；
  from　thenceforth；　by　inheritance；　purchases　permission；　or　otherwise
  enjoys　any　part　of　the　land　so　annexed　to；　and　under　the　government　of
  that　commonweal；　must　take　it　with　the　condition　it　is　under…　that　is；
  of　submitting　to　the　government　of　the　commonwealth；　under　whose
  jurisdiction　it　is；　as　far　forth　as　any　subject　of　it。
  121。　But　since　the　government　has　a　direct　jurisdiction　only　over
  the　land　and　reaches　the　possessor　of　it　（before　he　has　actually
  incorporated　himself　in　the　society）　only　as　he　dwells　upon　and　enjoys
  that；　the　obligation　any　one　is　under　by　virtue　of　such　enjoyment　to
  submit　to　the　government　begins　and　ends　with　the　enjoyment；　so　that
  whenever　the　owner；　who　has　given　nothing　but　such　a　tacit　consent
  to　the　government　will；　by　donation；　sale　or　otherwise；　quit　the
  said　possession；　he　is　at　liberty　to　go　and　incorporate　himself　into
  any　other　commonwealth；　or　agree　with　others　to　begin　a　new　one　in
  vacuis　locis；　in　any　part　of　the　world　they　can　find　free　and
  unpossessed；　whereas　he　that　has　once；　by　actual　agreement　and　any
  express　declaration；　given　his　consent　to　be　of　any　commonweal；　is
  perpetually　and　indispensably　obliged　to　be；　and　remain　unalterably
  a　subject　to　it；　and　can　never　be　again　in　the　liberty　of　the　state　of
  Nature；　unless　by　any　calamity　the　government　he　was　under　comes　to　be
  dissolved。
  122。　But　submitting　to　the　laws　of　any　country；　living　quietly　and
  enjoying　privileges　and　protection　under　them；　makes　not　a　man　a
  member　of　that　society；　it　is　only　a　local　protection　and　homage　due
  to　and　from　all　those　who；　not　being　in　a　state　of　war；　come　within
  the　territories　belonging　to　any　government；　to　all　parts　whereof
  the　force　of　its　law　extends。　But　this　no　more　makes　a　man　a　member　of
  that　society；　a　perpetual　subject　of　that　commonwealth；　than　it
  would　make　a　man　a　subject　to　another　in　whose　family　he　found　it
  convenient　to　abide　for　some　time；　though；　whilst　he　continued　in
  it；　he　were　obliged　to　comply　with　the　laws　and　submit　to　the
  government　he　found　there。　And　thus　we　see　that　foreigners；　by
  living　all　their　lives　under　another　government；　and　enjoying　the
  privileges　and　protection　of　it；　though　they　are　bound；　even　in
  conscience；　to　submit　to　its　administration　as　far　forth　as　any
  denizen；　yet　do　not　thereby　come　to　be　subjects　or　members　of　that
  commonwealth。　Nothing　can　make　any　man　so　but　his　actually　entering
  into　it　by　positive　engagement　and　express　promise　and　compact。　This
  is　that　which；　I　think；　concerning　the　beginning　of　political
  societies；　and　that　consent　which　makes　any　one　a　member　of　any
  commonwealth。
  Chapter　IX
  Of　the　Ends　of　Political　Society　and　Government
  123。　IF　man　in　the　state　of　Nature　be　so　free　as　has　been　said；　if
  he　be　absolute　lord　of　his　own　person　and　possessions；　equal　to　the
  greatest　and　subject　to　nobody；　why　will　he　part　with　his　freedom；
  this　empire；　and　subject　himself　to　the　dominion　and　control　of　any
  other　power？　To　which　it　is　obvious　to　answer；　that　though　in　the
  state　of　Nature　he　hath　such　a　right；　yet　the　enjoyment　of　it　is
  very　uncertain　and　constantly　exposed　to　the　invasion　of　others；　for
  all　being　kings　as　much　as　he；　every　man　his　equal；　and　the　greater
  part　no　strict　observers　of　equity　and　justice；　the　enjoyment　of　the
  property　he　has　in　this　state　is　very　unsafe；　very　insecure。　This
  makes　him　willing　to　quit　this　condition　which；　however　free；　is
  full　of　fears　and　continual　dangers；　and　it　is　not　without　reason　that
  he　seeks　out　and　is　willing　to　join　in　society　with　others　who　are
  already　united；　or　have　a　mind　to　unite　for　the　mutual　preservation　of
  their　lives；　liberties　and　estates；　which　I　call　by　the　general
  name…　property。
  124。　The　great　and　chief　end；　therefore；　of　men　uniting　into
  commonwealths；　and　putting　themselves　under　government；　is　the
  preservation　of　their　property；　to　which　in　the　state　of　Nature
  there　are　many　things　wanting。
  Firstly；　there　wants　an　established；　settled；　known　law；　received
  and　allowed　by　common　consent　to　be　the　standard　of　right　and　wrong；
  and　the　common　measure　to　decide　all　controversies　between　them。　For
  though　the　law　of　Nature　be　plain　and　intelligible　to　all　rational
  creatures；　yet　men；　being　biased　by　their　interest；　as　well　as
  ignorant　for　want　of　study　of　it；　are　not　apt　to　allow　of　it　as　a
  law　binding　to　them　in　the　application　of　it　to　their　particular
  cases。
  125。　Secondly；　in　the　state　of　Nature　there　wants　a　known　and
  indifferent　judge；　with　authority　to　determine　all　differences
  according　to　the　established　law。　For　every　one　in　that　state　being
  both　judge　and　executioner　of　the　law　of　Nature；　men　being　partial
  to　themselves；　passion　and　revenge　is　very　apt　to　carry　them　too
  far；　and　with　too　much　heat　in　their　own　cases；　as　well　as
  negligence　and　unconcernedness；　make　them　too　remiss　in　other　men's。
  126。　Thirdly；　in　the　state　of　Nature　there　often　wants　power　to　back
  and　support　the　sentence　when　right；　and　to　give　it　due　execution。
  They　who　by　any　injustice　offended　will　seldom　fail　where　they　are
  able　by　force　to　make　good　their　injustice。　Such　resistance　many　times
  makes　the　punishment　dangerous；　and　frequently　destructive　to　those
  who　attempt　it。
  127。　Thus　mankind；　notwithstanding　all　the　privileges　of　the　state
  of　Nature；　being　but　in　an　ill　condition　while　they　remain　in　it　are
  quickly　driven　into　society。　Hence　it　comes　to　pass；　that　we　seldom
  find　any　number　of　men　live　any　time　together　in　this　state。　The
  inconveniencies　that　they　are　therein　exposed　to　by　the　irregular
  and　uncertain　exercise　of　the　power　every　man　has　of　punishing　the
  transgressions　of　others；　make　them　take　sanctuary　under　the
  established　laws　of　government；　and　therein　seek　the　preservation　of
  their　property。　It　is　this　that　makes　them　so　willingly　give　up
  every　one　his　single　power　of　punishing　to　be　exercised　by　such
  alone　as　shall　be　appointed　to　it　amongst　them；　and　by　such　rules　as
  the　community；　or　those　authorised　by　them