第 1 节
作者:恐龙王      更新:2021-02-21 14:13      字数:9321
  INDIAN HEROES AND GREAT CHIEFTAINS
  INDIAN HEROES AND
  GREAT CHIEFTAINS
  BY
  CHARLES A。 EASTMAN (OHIYESA)
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  INDIAN HEROES AND GREAT CHIEFTAINS
  RED CLOUD
  EVERY age; every race; has its leaders and heroes。               There were over
  sixty distinct tribes of Indians on this continent; each of which boasted its
  notable   men。      The   names   and   deeds   of   some   of   these   men   will   live   in
  American       history;   yet  in   the  true   sense   they    are  unknown;      because
  misunderstood。        I   should   like   to   present   some   of   the   greatest   chiefs   of
  modern times in the light of the native character and ideals; believing that
  the American people will gladly do them tardy justice。
  It   is   matter   of   history   that   the   Sioux   nation;   to   which   I   belong;   was
  originally  friendly  to   the   Caucasian   peoples   which   it   met   in   succession…
  first; to the south the Spaniards; then the French; on the Mississippi River
  and along the   Great Lakes;   later the   English; and   finally the Americans。
  This powerful tribe then roamed over the whole extent of the Mississippi
  valley; between that river and the Rockies。             Their usages and government
  united the various bands more closely than was the case with many of the
  neighboring tribes。
  During     the   early   part   of  the   nineteenth     century;   chiefs    such   as
  Wabashaw; Redwing; and Little Six among the eastern Sioux; Conquering
  Bear; Man…Afraid…of…His…Horse; and Hump of the western bands; were the
  last   of  the  old   type。   After    these;   we   have   a  coterie   of  new   leaders;
  products   of   the   new   conditions   brought   about   by   close   contact   with   the
  conquering race。
  This distinction must   be borne in   mind  that   while the early  chiefs
  were   spokesmen   and   leaders   in   the   simplest   sense;   possessing   no   real
  authority; those who headed their tribes during the transition period were
  more or less rulers and more or less politicians。              It is a singular fact that
  many of the 〃chiefs〃; well known as such to the American public; were not
  chiefs at all according to the accepted usages of their tribesmen。                   Their
  prominence       was   simply   the   result   of  an  abnormal      situation;  in  which
  representatives of the United States Government made use of them for a
  definite purpose。       In a few cases; where a chief met with a violent death;
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  INDIAN HEROES AND GREAT CHIEFTAINS
  some     ambitious     man    has   taken    advantage     of  the   confusion     to  thrust
  himself   upon   the   tribe   and;   perhaps   with   outside   help;   has   succeeded   in
  usurping the leadership。
  Red   Cloud   was   born   about   1820   near   the   forks   of   the   Platte   River。
  He    was    one   of  a  family    of  nine   children    whose    father;   an   able  and
  respected     warrior;    reared   his  son   under    the  old   Spartan    regime。    The
  young   Red   Cloud   is   said   to   have   been   a   fine   horseman;   able   to   swim
  across     the   Missouri      and   Yellowstone       rivers;   of   high    bearing    and
  unquestionable  courage;  yet   invariably  gentle  and   courteous   in   everyday
  life。   This   last   trait;   together   with   a   singularly   musical   and   agreeable
  voice; has always been characteristic of the man。
  When he was about six years old; his father gave him a spirited colt;
  and said to him:
  〃My son; when you are able to sit quietly upon the back of this colt
  without saddle or bridle; I shall be glad; for the boy who can win a wild
  creature and learn to use it will as a man be able to win and rule men。〃
  The     little  fellow;   instead    of   going    for   advice    and   help    to  his
  grandfather;      as  most    Indian   boys    would    have    done;   began    quietly    to
  practice throwing the lariat。        In a little while he was able to lasso the colt。
  He was dragged off his feet at once; but hung on; and finally managed to
  picket him near the teepee。          When the big boys drove the herd of ponies
  to water; he drove his colt with the rest。           Presently the pony became used
  to him and   allowed himself   to be handled。             The   boy began to ride him
  bareback;   he   was   thrown   many   times;   but   persisted   until   he   could   ride
  without even a lariat; sitting with arms folded and guiding the animal by
  the movements of his body。            From that time on he told me that he broke
  all his own ponies; and before long his father's as well。
  The old men; his   contemporaries; have often related to me how  Red
  Cloud was always successful in the hunt because his horses were so well
  broken。     At the age of nine; he began to ride his father's pack pony upon
  the buffalo hunt。       He was twelve years old; he told me; when he was first
  permitted to take part in the chase; and found to his great mortification that
  none     of  his  arrows     penetrated    more    than    a  few   inches。    Excited     to
  recklessness; he whipped his horse nearer the fleeing buffalo; and before
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  INDIAN HEROES AND GREAT CHIEFTAINS
  his father knew what he was about; he had seized one of the protruding
  arrows and tried to push it deeper。          The furious animal tossed his massive
  head sidewise; and boy and horse were whirled into the air。                  Fortunately;
  the boy was thrown on the farther side of his pony; which received the full
  force of the second attack。         The thundering hoofs of the stampeded herd
  soon passed them by; but the wounded and maddened buffalo refused to
  move;     and    some    critical  moments      passed    before    Red    Cloud's    father
  succeeded in attracting its attention so that the boy might spring to his feet
  and run for his life。
  I once asked Red Cloud if he could recall having ever been afraid; and
  in reply he told me this story。          He was about sixteen years old and had
  already   been   once   or   twice   upon   the   warpath;   when   one   fall   his   people
  were hunting in the Big Horn country; where they might expect trouble at
  any    moment      with   the   hostile  Crows     or  Shoshones。       Red    Cloud    had
  followed a single buffalo bull into the Bad Lands and was out of sight and
  hearing   of   his   companions。      When   he   had   brought   down   his   game;   he
  noted carefully every feature of his surroundings so that he might at once
  detect anything unusual; and tied his horse with a long lariat to the horn of
  the dead bison; while skinning and cutting up the meat so as to pack it to
  camp。      Every     few   minutes     he   paused    in  his  work    to  scrutinize    the
  landscape; for he had a feeling that danger was not far off。
  Suddenly; almost over his head; as it seemed; he heard a tremendous
  war   whoop;   and   glancing   sidewise;   thought   he   beheld   the   charge   of   an
  overwhelming number of warriors。              He tried desperately to give the usual
  undaunted war whoop in reply; but instead a yell of terror burst from his
  lips;   his   legs   gave   way   under   him;   and   he   fell   in  a   heap。 When   he
  realized; the next instant; that the war whoop was merely the sudden loud
  whinnying of his own horse; and the charging army a band of fleeing elk;
  he was so ashamed of himself that he never forgot the incident; although
  up to that time he had never mentioned it。              His subsequent career would
  indicate that the lesson was well learned。
  The   future   leader   was   still   a   very   young   man   when   he   joined   a   war
  party  against   the   Utes。    Having   pushed   eagerly  forward   on   the   trail;   he
  found himself far in advance of his companions as night came on; and at
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  INDIAN HEROES AND GREAT CHIEFTAINS
  the same time rain began to fall heavily。            Among the scattered scrub pines;
  the lone   warrior found a natural   cave;   and after   a hasty  examination; he
  decided to shelter there for the night。
  Scarcely had he rolled himself in his blanket when he heard a slight
  rustling   at   the   entrance;   as   if   some   creature   were   preparing   to   share   his
  retreat。    It was pitch dark。       He could see nothing;