第 25 节
作者:你妹找1      更新:2021-02-21 11:56      字数:9321
  biological importance; and of no less importance in their strange relation
  to the subject of ethics; can be studied to advantage only in the existence
  of the most highly evolved societies of ants。
  After all that has been written of late years about the probable value of
  relative experience in the long life of the ant; I suppose that few persons
  would venture to deny individual character to the ant。 The intelligence of
  the little creature in meeting and overcoming difficulties of a totally new
  kind; and in adapting itself to conditions entirely foreign to its experience;
  proves a considerable power of independent thinking。 But this at least is
  certain: that   the ant has no   individuality capable   of being   exercised in   a
  purely   selfish   direction;   I   am   using   the   word   〃selfish〃   in   its   ordinary
  acceptation。 A greedy ant; a sensual ant; an ant capable of any one of the
  seven deadly sins; or even of a small venial sin; is unimaginable。 Equally
  unimaginable; of course; a romantic ant; an ideological ant; a poetical ant;
  or   an   ant   inclined   to   metaphysical   speculations。   No   human   mind   could
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  attain   to   the  absolute   matter…of…fact quality  of   the  ant…mind;  no   human
  being;   as   now   constituted;   could   cultivate   a   mental   habit   so   impeccably
  practical     as   that   of   the  ant。   But    this   superlatively      practical    mind     is
  incapable of moral error。 It would be difficult; perhaps; to prove that the
  ant has no religious ideas。 But it is certain that such ideas could not be of
  any use to it。 The being incapable of moral weakness is beyond the need
  of 〃spiritual guidance。〃
  Only in a vague way can we conceive the character of ant…society; and
  the   nature   of   ant…morality;   and   to   do   even   this   we   must   try   to   imagine
  some   yet   impossible   state   of   human   society   and   human   morals。   Let   us;
  then; imagine a world full of people incessantly and furiously working;
  all   of   whom      seem    to   be   women。      No    one   of   these   women       could    be
  persuaded   or   deluded   into   taking   a   single   atom   of   food   more   than            is
  needful to maintain her strength; and no one of them ever sleeps a second
  longer   than   is   necessary   to   keep   her   nervous   system   in   good   working…
  order。     And     all  of   them     are   so   peculiarly     constituted      that   the   least
  unnecessary indulgence would result in some derangement of function。
  The work daily performed by these female laborers comprises road…
  making;       bridge…building;        timber…cutting;       architectural     construction       of
  numberless kinds; horticulture and agriculture; the feeding and sheltering
  of   a   hundred   varieties   of   domestic   animals;   the   manufacture   of   sundry
  chemical products; the storage and conservation of countless food…stuffs;
  and   the   care   of   the   children   of   the   race。   All   this   labor   is   done   for   the
  commonwealth      no   citizen   of   which   is   capable   even of   thinking   about
  〃property;〃       except     as   a   res   publica;     and    the    sole   object     of   the
  commonwealth   is   the   nurture   and   training   of   its   young;   nearly   all   of
  whom are girls。 The period of infancy is long: the children remain for a
  great   while;  not   only  helpless;  but   shapeless;   and   withal   so   delicate   that
  they     must     be   very     carefully     guarded      against    the    least   change      of
  temperature。 Fortunately their nurses understand the laws of health: each
  thoroughly   knows   all   that   she   ought   to   know   in   regard   to   ventilation;
  disinfection; drainage; moisture; and the danger of germs; germs being as
  visible;   perhaps;   to   her   myopic   sight   as   they   become   to   our   own   eyes
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  under     the   microscope。       Indeed;    all  matters     of  hygiene      are  so   well
  comprehended   that   no   nurse   ever   makes   a   mistake   about   the   sanitary
  conditions of her neighborhood。
  In spite of this perpetual labor no worker remains unkempt: each is
  scrupulously       neat;  making     her   toilet  many   times     a  day。   But   as  every
  worker is born with the most beautiful of combs and brushes attached to
  her    wrists;    no   time   is   wasted    in   the   toilet…room。     Besides     keeping
  themselves   strictly   clean;   the   workers   must   also   keep   their   houses   and
  gardens in faultless order; for the sake of the children。 Nothing less than an
  earthquake; an eruption; an inundation; or a desperate war; is allowed to
  interrupt      the   daily    routine    of    dusting;    sweeping;       scrubbing;     and
  disinfecting。
  IV
  Now for stranger facts:
  This world of incessant toil is a more than Vestal world。 It is true that
  males can sometimes be perceived in it; but they appear only at particular
  seasons; and they have nothing whatever to do with the workers or with
  the   work。   None   of   them   would   presume   to   address   a   worker;   except;
  perhaps;     under    extraordinary     circumstances       of  common       peril。  And    no
  worker would think of talking to a male; for males; in this queer world;
  are inferior beings; equally incapable of fighting or working; and tolerated
  only as necessary evils。 One special class of females; the Mothers…Elect
  of   the   race;   do   condescend   to   consort   with   males;   during   a   very   brief
  period; at particular seasons。 But the Mothers…Elect do not work; and they
  most     accept    husbands。     A   worker     could    not   even    dream    of   keeping
  company       with    a  male;    not   merely    because     such   association     would
  signify   the   most   frivolous     waste   of   time;   nor   yet   because   the   worker
  necessarily regards all males with unspeakable contempt; but because the
  worker   is   incapable   of   wedlock。   Some   workers;   indeed;   are   capable   of
  parthenogenesis;   and   give   birth   to   children   who   never   had   fathers。 As   a
  general rule; however; the worker is truly feminine by her moral instincts
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  only: she has all the tenderness; the patience; and the foresight that we call
  〃maternal;〃      but   her  sex   has   disappeared;     like  the  sex   of  the   Dragon…
  Maiden in the Buddhist legend。
  For   defense   against   creatures   of   prey;   or   enemies   of   the   state;   the
  workers are provided with weapons; and they are furthermore protected by
  a large military force。 The warriors are so much bigger than the workers
  (in some communities; at least) that it is difficult; at first sight; to believe
  them of the same race。 Soldiers one hundred times larger than the workers
  whom they guard are not uncommon。 But all these soldiers are Amazons;
  or;   more   correctly   speaking;   semi…females。   They   can   work   sturdily;   but
  being built   for  fighting and   for  heavy  pulling chiefly;  their usefulness is
  restricted to those directions in which force; rather than skill; is required。
  'Why      females;    rather   than   males;   should    have    been    evolutionally
  specialized     into   soldiery   and   laborers    may   not    be  nearly   so   simple   a
  question as it appears。 I am very sure of not being able to answer it。 But
  natural economy may have decided the matter。 In many forms of life; the
  female greatly exceeds the male in bulk and in energy; perhaps; in this
  case; the larger reserve of life…force possessed originally by the complete
  female could be more rapidly and effectively utilized for the development
  of a special fighting…caste。 All energies which; in the fertile female; would
  be expended in the giving of life seem here to have been diverted to the
  evolution of aggressive power; or working…capacity。'
  Of the true females; the Mothers…Elect; there are very few indeed;
  and   these   are   treated   like   queens。   So   constantly  and   so   reverentially  are
  they waited upon that they can seldom have any wishes to express。 They
  are   relieved   from   every   care   of   existence;   except   the   duty   of   bearing
  offspring。 Night and day they are cared for in every possible manner。