第 20 节
作者:你妹找1      更新:2021-02-21 11:56      字数:9320
  I want to know; for example; the whole story of that Chinese maiden
  whom the butterflies took to be a flower; and followed in multitude; so
  fragrant and so fair was she。 Also I should like to know something more
  concerning   the   butterflies   of   the   Emperor   Genso;   or   Ming   Hwang;   who
  made them choose his loves for him。。。 He used to hold wine…parties in his
  amazing garden; and ladies of exceeding beauty were in attendance; and
  caged butterflies; se free among them; would fly to the fairest; and then;
  upon that fairest the Imperial favor was bestowed。 But after Genso Kotei
  had   seen Yokihi   (whom   the   Chinese   call Yang…Kwei…Fei);   he   would   not
  suffer the butterflies to choose for him; which was unlucky; as Yokihi got
  him   into   serious   trouble。。。 Again;   I   should   like   to   know   more   about   the
  experience   of   that   Chinese   scholar;   celebrated   in   Japan   under   the   name
  Soshu; who dreamed that he was a butterfly; and had all the sensations of a
  butterfly in that dream。 For his spirit had really been wandering about in
  the   shape   of   a   butterfly;   and;   when   he   awoke;   the   memories   and   the
  feelings of butterfly existence remained so vivid in his mind that he could
  not act like a human   being。。。 Finally I should like to know the text of   a
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  certain Chinese official recognition of sundry butterflies as the spirits of
  an Emperor and of his attendants。。。
  Most     of   the   Japanese     literature    about    butterflies;   excepting      some
  poetry;     appears    to   be   of  Chinese     origin;    and   even    that   old   national
  aesthetic feeling on the subject; which found such delightful expression in
  Japanese art and song and custom; may have been first developed under
  Chinese      teaching。     Chinese     precedent     doubtless     explains    why    Japanese
  poets     and   painters     chose    so   often   for   their   geimyo;     or   professional
  appellations;  such   names   as   Chomu   (〃Butterfly…Dream);〃   Icho   (〃Solitary
  Butterfly);〃 etc。 And even to this day such geimyo as Chohana (〃Butterfly…
  Blossom〃); Chokichi (〃Butterfly…Luck〃); or Chonosuke (〃Butterfly…Help〃);
  are   affected   by  dancing…girls。  Besides   artistic   names   having   reference   to
  butterflies; there are still in use real personal names (yobina) of this kind;
  such as   Kocho; or   Cho;  meaning 〃Butterfly。〃 They  are borne   by  women
  only; as   a  rule; though   there are  some   strange  exceptions。。。 And   here  I
  may mention that; in the province of Mutsu; there still exists the curious
  old custom of calling the youngest daughter in a family Tekona; which
  quaint word; obsolete elsewhere; signifies in Mutsu dialect a butterfly。 In
  classic time this word signified also a beautiful woman。。。
  It   is   possible   also   that   some   weird   Japanese   beliefs   about   butterflies
  are   of   Chinese   derivation;   but   these   beliefs   might   be   older   than   China
  herself。 The most interesting one; I think; is that the soul of a living person
  may   wander   about   in   the   form   of   a   butterfly。   Some   pretty   fancies   have
  been   evolved   out   of   this   belief;   such   as   the   notion   that   if   a   butterfly
  enters your guest…room and perches behind the bamboo screen; the person
  whom  you   most love   is   coming to   see   you。 That   a butterfly may  be   the
  spirit of somebody is not a reason for being afraid of it。 Nevertheless there
  are times when even butterflies can inspire fear by appearing in prodigious
  numbers;   and   Japanese   history   records   such   an   event。   When   Taira…no…
  Masakado was secretly preparing for his famous revolt; there appeared in
  Kyoto   so   vast   a   swarm   of   butterflies   that   the   people   were   frightened;
  thinking   the   apparition   to   be   a   portent   of   coming   evil。。。   Perhaps   those
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  butterflies   were   supposed   to   be   the   spirits   of   the   thousands   doomed   to
  perish     in  battle;  and    agitated    on   the  eve   of   war   by   some     mysterious
  premonition of death。
  However;  in   Japanese   belief;   a   butterfly   may  be   the   soul   of   a   dead
  person as well as of a living person。 Indeed it is a custom of souls to take
  butterfly…shape in order to announce the fact of their final departure from
  the body; and for this reason any butterfly which enters a house ought to
  be kindly treated。
  To this belief; and to queer fancies connected with it; there are many
  allusions in popular drama。 For example; there is a well…known play called
  Tonde…deru…Kocho…no…Kanzashi;                 or;  〃The     Flying    Hairpin     of   Kocho。〃
  Kocho is a beautiful person who kills herself because of false accusations
  and   cruel   treatment。   Her   would…be   avenger   long   seeks   in   vain   for   the
  author   of   the   wrong。   But   at   last   the   dead   woman's   hairpin   turns   into   a
  butterfly; and serves as a guide to vengeance by hovering above the place
  where the villain is hiding。
  Of   course   those   big   paper   butterflies   (o…cho   and   me…cho)   which
  figure     at  weddings       must    not   be   thought     of   as   having     any   ghostly
  signification。 As emblems they only express the joy of living union; and
  the hope that the newly married couple may pass through life together as a
  pair    of   butterflies    flit  lightly    through     some     pleasant    garden;     now
  hovering upward; now downward; but never widely separating。
  II
  A  small   selection   of   hokku   (1)   on   butterflies   will   help   to   illustrate
  Japanese   interest   in   the   aesthetic   side   of   the   subject。   Some   are   pictures
  only;     tiny   color…sketches      made     with    seventeen      syllables;    some     are
  nothing more than pretty fancies; or graceful suggestions; but the reader
  will    find   variety。   Probably      he   will   not   care   much     for   the  verses    in
  themselves。   The   taste   for   Japanese   poetry   of   the   epigrammatic   sort   is   a
  taste that must be slowly acquired; and it is only by degrees; after patient
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  study;   that   the   possibilities   of   such   composition   can   be   fairly   estimated。
  Hasty   criticism   has   declared   that   to   put   forward   any   serious   claim   on
  behalf of seventeen…syllable poems 〃would be absurd。〃 But what; then; of
  Crashaw's famous line upon the miracle at the marriage feast in Cana?
  Nympha pudica Deum vidit; et erubuit。 '1'
  Only     fourteen    syllables      and   immortality。     Now     with    seventeen
  Japanese      syllables    things   quite    as  wonderful        indeed;    much    more
  wonderful  have been done; not once or twice; but probably a thousand
  times。。。    However;     there   is  nothing    wonderful     in  the   following    hokku;
  which have been selected for more than literary reasons:
  Nugi…kakuru '2' Haori sugata no Kocho kana!
  'Like a haori being taken off  that is the shape of a butterfly!'
  Torisashi no Sao no jama suru Kocho kana!
  'Ah; the butterfly keeps getting in the way of the bird…catcher's pole!
  '3''
  Tsurigane ni Tomarite nemuru Kocho kana!
  'Perched upon the temple…bell; the butterfly sleeps:'
  Neru…uchi mo Asobu…yume wo ya  Kusa no cho!
  'Even   while   sleeping;   its   dream  is   of   play     ah;   the   butterfly  of   the
  grass! '4'
  Oki; oki yo! Waga tomo ni sen; Neru…kocho!
  'Wake   up!   wake   up!      I   will   make   thee   my   comrade;   thou   sleeping
  butterfly。 '5''
  Kago no tori Cho wo urayamu Metsuki kana!
  'Ah; the sad expression in the eyes of that caged bird!  envying the
  butterfly!'
  Cho tonde  Kaze naki hi to mo Miezari ki!
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  'Even though it did not appear to be a windy day; '6' the fluttering of
  the butterflies !'
  Rakkwa eda ni Kaeru to mireba  Kocho kana!
  'When I saw the fallen flower return to the branch  lo! it was only a
  butterfly! '7''
  Chiru…hana ni  Karusa arasou Kocho kana!
  'How