A　Estimate　of　the　necessary　Charge　of　a　labouring　Man　and　his　Family　in　London；　consisting　of　a　Man　and　his　Wife　and　four　Children；　which　I　take　to　be　a　middling　Family；　however；　since　they　often　may　have　more　Children；　this　must　at　least　be　a　needful　Allowance　for　a　labouring　Man　and　his　Family。
  Daily　Expence　per　Head；　Daily　Expence　for　the　whole　Family；　Weekly　Expence　for　the　whole　Family
  Bread　for　six　Persons；　3　q。；　4　1/2　d。；　2　s。　7　1/2　d。　Butter；　1　q。；　1　1/2　d。；　10　1/2　d。　Cheese；　1/2　q。；　3/4　d。；　5　1/2　d。　Meat；　1　d。；　6　d。；　3　s。　6　d。　Small　Beer；　2　q。；　3　d。；　1　s。　9　d。　Roots；　Herbs；　Flower；　Oatmeal；　Salt；　Vinegar；　Pepper；　Mustard；　Sugar；　1　q。；　1　1/2　d。　；　10　1/2　d。　Soap；　1/2　q。；　3/4　d。；　5　1/4　d。　Threads；　Needles；　Pins；　Worsteads；　Tapes；　etc。　for　repairing　Cloaths；　etc。　1/2　q。；　3/4　d。；　5　1/4　d。　Milk　one　day　with　another；　for　the　whole　Family；　；　3/4　d。；　5　1/4　d。　A　Candle　one　day　with　another；　；　3/4　d；　5　1/4　d。　Coals　one　Day　with　another；　　；　2　d。；　1　s。　2　d。　Strong　Beer；　　；　1　1/2　d。；　10　1/2　d。
  Total；　　；　1　s。　11　3/4　d。；　13　s。　10　1/4　d。
  Weekly　Expence　of　the　whole　Family；　Yearly　Expence。
  Brought　over；　13　s。　10　1/2　d。；
  Repairs　of　Household…Goods；　as　Bedding；　Sheets；　Table…linnen；　Mops；　Brooms；　Brushes；　Pots；　Pans；　etc。　guess'd　to　make　the　Pence　even；　at　4　3/4　d；　　Schooling　for　the　Children；　9　d。；　　Rent　of　two　Rooms；　which　is　as　little　as　such　a　Family　can　or　ought　to　shift　with；　1　s。　6　d。；　　A　Woman's　Victuals　and　Wages　in　Lyings…in；　and　Illness；　with　extraordinary　Charges　on　such　Occasions；　guess'd　at；　　；　2　l。　Cloaths；　Linen；　Woollen；　Shoes；　Stockings；　etc。　for　the　Man；　guess'd　at；　　；　2　l。　10　s。　Ditto；　for　the　Woman；　　；　2　l。　10　s。　Ditto；　for　the　four　Children　at　1　l。　per　Annum　per　Head；　　；　4　l。　Physick　for　the　whole　Family　one　Year　with　another；　　；　10　s。
  The　necessary　Yearly　Charge　of　such　a　Family；　　；　54　l。　10　s。　4　d。
  If　any　thing　the　Article　of　Cloaths　too　much；　let　them　consider　to　what　Purpose　the　Manufactures　are　made；　if　7/8　of　the　People　can't　be　allowed　to　be　such　inconsiderable　Consumers。　　　　　And　if　any　think　the　other　Part　of　the　Estimate　too　large；　let　them　shew　how　such　a　family　can　with　any　Decency　have　their　Wants　supplied　with　these　Things；　cheaper　than　I　have　put　them。　　　　　But　if　any　please　to　strike　any　of　these　Things　our　of　the　Estimate；　I　would　advise；　that　those　Things　should　not　be　raised　in　the　World　at　all；　since　7/8　of　Mankind　can't　be　allowed　to　partake　of　them。　　　　　For　high　as　this　Estimate　runs；　it　is　not　half　so　much　as　such　a　Family　will　cost　in　the　very　next　Station　of　Life　above　the　labouring　Mechanick's　Rank；　whilst　at　the　same　time　it's　certain；　as　the　Prices　of　Necessaries　now　are；　the　labouring　Mechanick　can　hardly　earn　enough　to　purchase　half　these　Things。　　　　　For　whatever　Wages　a　working　Man　may　sometimes　earn；　10　or　12　Shillings　per　Week；　when　all　Deductions　are　made　of　lost　Time　for　want　of　Work　and　Illness；　is　the　utmost　one　Man　with　another　can　get　for　himself　and　Family；　which　being　but　26　or　30　l。　per　annum；　is　but　about　half　what　is　necessary　for　the　Support　of　such　a　Family；　in　the　meanest　Manner　it　can　be　decently　done。　　　　　This　therefore　shews　the　Usefulness　and　Necessity　of　making　the　Plenty　so　much　greater；　that　every　thing　may　be　thereby　made　much　cheaper；　and　there　may　be　more　Work　to　employ　the　Poor；　and　their　Wants　may　be　better　supplied；　which　will　necessarily　make　so　much　more　Trade　and　Business　amongst　others。　　　　　This　Estimate　also　shews；　that　a　Principle　I　have　gone　upon；　and　hitherto　taken　for　granted；　is　true；　in　the　Nature　of　the　Thing　itself；　viz。　that　the　Wants　of　Mankind；　if　fully　supplied　according　to　their　several　Ranks　in　Life　only；　are　sufficient　to　give　full　Employment　to　all　that　must　get　their　Living　by　their　Diligence　and　Labour。　　　　　For　if　7/8　of　the　People；　were；　as　they　might　and　ought　to　be；　double　the　Consumers　they　are；　which；　I　think；　appears　by　this　Estimate；　it　would　rather　be　a　Question；　whether　Mankind　are　able　to　supply　all　their　Wants；　than　whether　the　Wants　of　Mankind　are　sufficient　to　give　full　employment　to　thost　that　want　it。　　　　　And　this　is　an　invincible　Argument　for　a　free　and　unrestrained　Trade；　since　if　any　Nation　makes　Goods　for　us；　we　must　be　making　others　for　them　or　some　other　Nation；　and　so　mutually　for　each　other；　provided　our　Goods　are　made　cheap　enough　to　maintain　such　Commerce。　　　　　And　if　so；　what　a　Number　of　People　will　every　Nation　thus　be　able；　by　means　of　maritime　commerce；　with　all　its　Appendages；　to　sustain；　more　than　any　such　Nation　could　do；　without　this　Way　of　employing　and　supporting　them。　For　if　the　people　had　not　this　Way　to　employ　them；　　they　must　fall　into　Agriculture　for　Employment；　in　which　Case；　the　same　Number　of　People　would　require　a　vastly　greater　Extent　of　Territory　to　support　them　than　in　the　former　Case　and　their　Affluence（16*）　would　in　general　be　vastly　less　likewise；　besides；　that　such　a　Nation　would　not　be　near　so　formidable；　the　Reasons　of　which　I　shall　endeavour　to　shew。　　　　　If　any　certain　Quantity　of　Land　well　cultivated　and　improved　will　produce　Corn　and　Cattle；　and　all　other　Necessaries　for　the　Use　of　Man；　when　only　1/3　of　the　People；　suppose；　are　immediately　employ'd　this　Way；　whilst　the　other　2/3　are　employed　in　maritime　Affairs；　and　Affairs　thereunto　relating；　and　other　Vocations：　if　the　People　can　be　so　subsisted；　as　they　undoubtedly　are；　at　the　same　Time　that　their　maritime　Commerce　is　not　only　so　useful；　to　employ　so　very　great　a　Part　of　them；　as　subsist　in　any　Relation　to　it；　but　brings　them　Gold　and　Silver；　who　have　no　other　Way　to　procure　any　amongst　them；　which　Gold　and　Silver；　by　being　made　the　Medium　of　all　Transactions；　circulates　swiftly　through　every　Hand；　in　suitable　Proportion　to　the　Business　each　Particular　transacts；　leaving　also　amongst　many　of　them　a　Surplus；　greater　than　what　their　particular　Occasions　require；　which　constitutes　the　Wealth　of　such　particulars；　and　which；　when　many　of　the　People　are　thus　enriched；　constitutes　what　is　called　national　Affluence；　I　say；　a　Nation　doth　thus　become　properly　affluent；　and　that　includes　Strength　and　Power。　　　　　All　Interruptions　therefore　of　this　Commerce；　whilst　it　continues　gainful　（i。e。　increases　the　Nation's　Cash）　will　no　doubt　be　allowed　to　lessen　this　Affluence；　Strength　and　Power。　Therefore　when　any　Branch　of　Commerce　lessens　the　Cash　of　a　Nation；　I　expect　it　will　be　thought　fit　by　high　Duties　or　Prohibitions　to　restrain　or　suppress　it；　but　this　I　shall　take　the　Liberty　to　deny；　because　it　will　hence　become　fit　for　other　Nations　to　lay　such　Restraints　or　Prohibitions；　as　never　to　let　us　have　a　gainful　Trade；　if　they　can　help　it；　it　being　just　so　far　a　losing　Trade　to　them　as　it's　gainful　to　us；　and　as　maritime　Commerce　must　be；　and　certainly　now　is；　very　much　lessened　by　these　mutual　Restraints；　so　many　People　must　have　lost　their　Employment　in　every　such　Nation；　and　where　they　will　find　Employment；　but　in　Tillage　and　Cultivation　of　Land；　I　can't　imagine；　wherefore；　if　they　must　employ　such；　or　an　equal　Number　of　others　this　Way；　which　indeed　the　rising　Generation　will　best　and　most　naturally　supply　for　that　Purpose；　as　they　can't　be　employed　on　the　Land　before　cultivated；　so　it's　certain　they　must　have　so　much　larger　Territory　to　support　the　same　Number　of　People；　whereby；　as　their　domestick　Trade　will　languish　as　their　maritime　Trade　decreases；　because　domestick　Trade　doth　very　much　depend　on　maritime　Trade；　so　their　maritime　Force　will　decrease　together　with　them；　for　the　Truth　of　which；　I　appeal　to　Experience　and　Fact；　whether　every　Nation　be　not　more　or　less　formidable；　as　their　maritime　Commerce　is　more　extensive　or　less　considerable；　whence　it's　plain；　Affluence　and　Strength　are　so　connected　with　the　maritime　Trade　of　a　Nation；　that　they　must　increase　or　diminish　together。　　　　　But　if　every　Nation；　instead　of　such　Restraints；　would　make　their　Produce；　etc。　cheap　enough；　which　they　can　always　do；　and　that　to　the　real　Advantage　of　every　Part　of　the　Community；　their　good　and　cheap　Goods　would　force　themselves　by　these　Qualities　（which　are　inseparably　connected）　on　some　other　Nations　at　least；　and；　I　think；　on　them　too　who　endeavour　to　restrain　them；　and　thus　extend　as　well　as　preserve　their　maritime　Commerce；　and　with　it　their　Affluence　and　Prowess。　　　　　And　this　might　perhaps　demonstrate　to　others　the　Folly　of　restraining　Trade　in　any　Degree　whatsoever；　and　be　a　Means　to　point　the　Way　to　make　their　People　happy　in　Trade；　without　such　Restraints；　or　ever　going　to　War　with　each　other　about　it；　for　War；　I　am　sure；　is　always　in　its　Consequences；　as　destructive　of　Trade　as　it　is　of　the　Peace　and　Happiness　of　Mankind。　　　　　But　the　above　Estimate　shews；　that　if　the　Produce　of　the　Earth　were　doubled；　it　would　certainly　be　consumed；　since　the　Wages　of　the　labouring　People；　who　are　the　bulk　of　Mankind；　are　not　sufficient　to　purchase　above　half　the　Necessaries　such　a　Family　doth　require。　If　it　be　said；　every　one　hath　not　so　large　a　Family；　I　answer；　that　many　have　larger；　and　as　it　is　reasonably　expected；　every　Man　should　provide　for　his　own　Family；　how　large　soever　it　may　be；　it　hence　becomes　fit；　that　every　Man　should　be　capable　to　earn；　at　least；　as　much　as　will　provide　for　such　a　middling　Family；　as　the　Estimate　is　made