r；　as　well　those　who　make　a　profession　of　begging；　as　other　who　do　not；　might　be　usefully　employed　in　various　kinds　of　labour；　and　supposing　them；　one　with　another；　to　be　capable　of　earning　ONLY　HALF　as　much　as　is　necessary　to　their　subsistence；　this　would　reduce　the　present　expence　to　the　Public　for　their　maintenance　at　least　one　half；　and　this　half　might　be　reduced　still　much　lower；　by　a　proper　attention　to　order　and　economy　in　providing　for　their　subsistence。
  Were　the　inhabitants　of　a　large　town　where　mendicity　is　prevalent；　to　subscribe　only　half　the　sums　annually；　which　are　extorted　from　them　by　beggars；　I　am　confident　it　would　be　quite　sufficient；　with　a　proper　arrangement；　for　the　comfortable　support　of　the　Poor　of　all　denominations。
  Not　only　those　who　were　formerly　common　street…beggars；　but　all　others；　without　exception；　who　receive　alms；　in　the　city　of　Munich　and　its　suburbs；　amounting　at　this　time　to　more　than　1800　persons；　are　supported　almost　entirely　by　voluntary　subscriptions　from　the　inhabitants；　and　I　have　been　assured　by　numbers　of　the　most　opulent　and　respectable　citizens；　that　the　sums　annually　extorted　from　them　formerly　by　beggars　alone；　exclusive　of　private　charities；　amounted　to　more　than　three　times　the　sums　now　given　by　them　to　the　support　of　the　new　institution。　　I　insist　the　more　upon　this　point；　as　I　know　that　the　great　expence　which　has　been　supposed　to　be　indispensably　necessary　to　carry　into　execution　any　scheme　for　effectually　providing　for　the　Poor；　and　putting　an　end　to　mendicity；　has　deterred　many　well…disposed　persons　from　engaging　in　so　useful　an　enterprise。　　I　have　only　to　add　my　most　earnest　wishes；　that　what　I　have　said　and　done；　may　remove　every　doubt；　and　re…animate　the　zeal　of　the　Public；　in　a　cause　in　which　the　dearest　interests　of　humanity　are　so　nearly　concerned。
  In　almost　every　public　undertaking；　which　is　to　be　carried　into　effect　by　the　united　voluntary　exertions　of　individuals；　without　the　interference　of　government；　there　is　a　degree　of　awkwardness　in　bringing　forward　the　business；　which　it　is　difficult　to　avoid；　and　which　is　frequently　not　a　little　embarrassing。　　This　will　doubtless　be　felt　by　those　who　engage　in　forming　and　executing　schemes　for　providing　for　the　Poor　by　private　subscription；　they　should　not；　however；　suffer　themselves　to　be　discouraged　by　a　difficulty　which　may　so　easily　be　surmounted。
  In　the　introduction　of　every　scheme　for　forming　an　Establishment　for　the　Poor；　whether　it　be　proposed　to　defray　the　expense　by　voluntary　subscriptions；　or　by　a　tax　levied　for　the　purpose；　it　will　be　proper　for　the　authors　or　promoters　of　the　measure　to　address　the　Public　upon　the　subject；　to　inform　them　of　the　nature　of　the　measures　proposed；　of　their　tendency　to　promote　the　public　welfare；　and　to　point　out　the　various　ways　in　which　individuals　may　give　their　assistance　to　render　the　scheme　successful。
  There　are　few　cities　in　Europe；　I　believe；　in　which　the　state　of　the　Poor　would　justify　such　an　address　as　that　which　was　published　at　Munich　upon　taking　up　the　beggars　in　that　town；　but　something　of　the　kind；　with　such　alterations　as　local　circumstances　may　require；　I　am　persuaded；　would　in　most　cases　produce　good　effects。　　With　regard　to　the　assistance　that　might　be　be　given　by　individuals　to　carry　into　effect　a　scheme　for　providing　for　the　Poor；　though　measures　for　that　purpose　may；　and　ought　to　be　so　taken；　that　the　Public　would　have　little　or　no　trouble　in　their　execution；　yet　there　are　many　things　which　individuals　must　be　　instructed　cautiously　to　avoid；　otherwise　the　　enterprise　will　be　extremely　difficult；　it　not　impracticable；　and；　above　all　things；　they　must　be　warned　against　giving　alms　to　beggars。
  Though　nothing　would　be　more　unjust　and　tyrannical；　than　to　prevent　the　generous　and　humane　from　contributing　to　the　relief　of　the　Poor　and　necessitous；　yet；　as　giving　alms　to　beggars　tends　so　directly　and　so　powerfully　to　encourage　idleness　and　immorality；　to　discourage　the　industrious　Poor；　and　perpetuate　mendicity；　with　all　its　attendant　evils；　too　much　pains　cannot　be　taken　to　guard　the　Public　against　a　practice　so　fatal　in　its　consequences　to　society。
  All　who　are　desirous　of　contributing　to　the　relief　of　the　Poor；　should　be　invited　to　send　their　charitable　donations　to　be　distributed　by　those　who；　being　at　the　head　of　a　public　Institution　established　for　taking　care　of　the　Poor；　must　be　supposed　best　acquainted　with　their　wants。　　Or；　if　individuals　should　prefer　distributing　their　own　charities；　they　ought　at　least　to　take　the　trouble　to　enquire　after　fit　objects；　and　to　apply　their　donations　in　such　a　manner　as　not　to　counteract　the　measures　of　a　public　and　useful　Establishment。
  But；　before　I　enter　farther　into　these　details；　it　will　be　necessary　to　determine　the　proper　extent　and　limits　of　an　Establishment　for　the　Poor；　and　show　how　a　town　or　city　ought　to　be　divided　in　districts；　in　order　to　facilitate　the　purposes　of　such　an　institution。
  CHAPTER。　　II。　　Of　the　Extent　of　an　Establishment　for　the　Poor。　　Of　the　Division　of　a　Town　or　City　into　Districts。　　Of　the　Manner　of　carrying　on　the　Business　of　a　public　　　　Establishment　for　the　Poor。　　Of　the　Necessity　of　numbering　all　the　Houses　in　a　Town　where　an　　　　Establishment　for　the　Poor　is　formed。
  However　large　a　city　may　be；　in　which　an　Establishment　for　the　Poor　is　to　be　formed；　I　am　clearly　of　opinion；　that　there　should　be　but　ONE　ESTABLISHMENT；with　ONE　committee　for　the　general　management　of　all　its　affairs；and　ONE　treasurer。　This　unity　appears　essentially　necessary；　not　only　　because；　when　all　the　parts　tend　to　one　common　centre；　and　act　in　union　to　the　same　end；　under　one　direction；　they　are　less　liable　to　be　impeded　in　their　operations；　or　disordered　by　collision；but　also　on　account　of　THE　VERY　UNEQUAL　DISTRIBUTION　OF　WEALTH；　as　well　as　of　misery　and　poverty；　in　the　different　districts　of　the　same　town。　Some　parishes　in　great　cities　have　comparatively　few　Poor；　while　others；　perhaps　less　opulent；　are　overburthened　with　them；　and　there　seems　to　be　no　good　reason　why　a　house…keeper　in　any　town　should　be　called　upon　to　pay　more　or　less　for　the　support　of　the　Poor；　because　he　happens　to　live　on　one　side　of　a　street　or　the　other。　　Added　to　this；　there　are　　certain　districts　in　most　great　towns　where　poverty　and　misery　seem　to　have　fixed　their　head…quarters；　and　where　it　would　be　IMPOSSIBLE　for　the　inhabitants　to　support　the　expence　of　maintaining　their　Poor。　Where　that　is　the　case；　as　measures　for　preventing　mendicity　in　every　town　must　be　general；　in　order　to　their　being　successful；　the　enterprise；　FROM　THAT　CIRCUMSTANCE　ALONE；　would　be　rendered　impracticable；　were　the　assistance　of　the　more　opulent　districts　to　be　refused。
  There　is　a　district；　for　instance；　belonging　to　Munich；　（the　Au；）　a　very　large　parish；　which　may　be　called　the　St。　Giles's　of　that　city；　where　the　alms　annually　received　are　TWENTY　TIMES　as　much　as　the　whole　district　contributes　to　the　funds　of　the　public　Institution　for　the　Poor。The　inhabitants　of　the　other　parishes；　however；　have　never　considered　it　a　hardship　to　them；　that　the　Poor　of　the　Au　should　be　admitted　to　share　the　public　bounty；　in　common　with　the　Poor　of　the　other　parishes。
  Every　town　must　be　divided；　according　to　its　extent；　into　a　greater　or　less　number　of　districts；　or　subdivisions；　and　each　of　these　must　have　a　committee　of　inspection；　or　rather　a　commissary；　with　assistants；　who　must　be　entrusted　with　the　superintendance　and　management　of　all　affairs　relative　to　the　relief　and　support　of　the　Poor　within　its　limits。
  In　very　large　cities；　as　the　details　of　a　general　Establishment　for　the　Poor　would　be　very　numerous　and　extensive；　it　would　probably　facilitate　the　management　of　the　affairs　of　the　Establishment；　if；　beside　the　smallest　subdivisions　or　districts；　there　could　be　formed　other　larger　divisions；　composed　of　a　certain　number　of　districts；　and　put　under　the　direction　of　particular　committees。
  The　most　natural；　and　perhaps　the　most　convenient　method　of　dividing　a　large　city　or　town；　for　the　purpose　of　introducing　a　general　Establishment　for　the　Poor；　would　be；　to　form　of　the　parishes　the　primary　divisions；　and　to　divide　each　parish　into　so　many　subdivisions；　or　districts；　as　that　each　district　may　consist　of　from　3000　to　4000　inhabitants。　　Though　the　immediate　inspection　and　general　superintendance　of　the　affairs　of　each　parish　were　to　be　left　to　its　own　particular　committee；　yet　the　supreme　committee　at　the　head　of　the　general　Institution　should　not　only　exercise　a　controlling　power　over　the　parochial　committees；　but　these　last　should　not　be　empowered　to　levy　money　upon　the　parishioners；　by　setting　on　foot　voluntary　subscriptions；　or　otherwise；　or　to　dispose　of　any　sums　belonging　to　the　general　Institution；　except　in　cases　of　urgent　necessity；nor　should　they　be　permitted　to　introduce　any　new　arrangements　with　respect　to　the　management　of　the　Poor；　without　the　approbation　and　consent　of　the　supreme　committee：　the　most　perfect　uniformity　in　the　mode　of　treating　the　Poor；　and　transacting　all　public　business　relative　to　the　Institution；　being　indispensably　necessary　to　secure　success　to　the　undertaking；　and　fix　the　Establishment　upon　a　firm　and　dura