第 1 节
作者:一半儿      更新:2021-02-20 18:38      字数:9322
  The Moravians in Georgia
  The Moravians in
  Georgia
  Adelaide L。 Fries Winston…Salem; N。 C。
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  The Moravians in Georgia
  Chapter I。 Antecedent Events。
  The Province of Georgia。
  It was in the year 1728 that the English Parliament was persuaded by
  James     Oglethorpe;      Esq。     soldier;  statesman     and   philanthropist;       to
  appoint a committee to investigate the condition of the debtors confined in
  the   Fleet   and   Marchalsea   prisons。The   lot   of   these   debtors   was   a   most
  pitiable one; for a creditor had power to imprison a man for an indefinite
  term of years; and the unfortunate debtor; held within the four walls of his
  prison; could earn no money to pay the debt that was owing; and unless
  friends    came    to  his   rescue;   was   utterly   at  the  mercy   of   the   oft…times
  barbarous jailor。The Committee; consisting of ninety…six prominent men;
  with   Oglethorpe   as   Chairman;   recommended   and   secured   the   redress   of
  many      grievances;    and    the  passing    of   better   laws   for  the   future;   but
  Oglethorpe   and   a   few   associates   conceived   a   plan   which   they   thought
  would eradicate the evil by striking at its very root; the difficulty which
  many found in earning a living in the overcrowded cities。
  In 1663 King Charles II。 had granted to eight 〃Lords Proprietors〃 the
  portion   of   North   America   lying   between   the   31st   and   36th   degrees   of
  latitude; enlarging the boundaries in 1665 to 29 deg。 and 36 deg。 30 min。
  By   1728   most   of   these   Lords   Proprietors   had   tired   of   their   attempt   to
  govern the colonies they had established in 〃Carolina〃; and in 1729 seven
  of   the   eight   sold   their   interest   to   the   English   crown;   the   district   being
  divided   into   〃North   Carolina〃;   〃South   Carolina〃;   and   a   more   southerly
  portion; nominally included in the latter; which was held in reserve。
  To this unused land the thoughts of Oglethorpe turned; and he and his
  friends addressed a memorial to the Privy Council; stating 〃that the cities
  of London; Westminster; and parts adjacent; do abound with great numbers
  of   indigent   persons;   who   are   reduced   to   such   necessity   as   to   become
  burthensome to the public; and who would be willing to seek a livelihood
  in any of his majesty's plantations in America; if they were provided with
  a passage; and means of settling there。〃 They therefore asked for a grant of
  land lying south of the Savannah River; where they wished to establish a
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  The Moravians in Georgia
  colony in which these unfortunate men might begin life anew; and where
  Protestants; persecuted in some parts of Europe; might find a refuge。They
  also   offered   to   take   entire   charge   of   the   affair;   and   their   petition;   after
  passing through the usual channels; was approved by the King; George II;
  a charter was prepared; and the great seal was affixed June 9th; 1732。
  This   instrument   constituted        twenty…one   noblemen         and   gentlemen      a
  body  corporate;  by  the name   and   style   of   〃The Trustees   for   establishing
  the Colony of Georgia in America〃; and in them was vested full authority
  for the collecting of subscriptions and the expending of moneys gathered;
  the   selection   of   colonists;   and   the   making   and   administering   of   laws   in
  Georgia; but no member of the corporation was allowed to receive a salary;
  or any fees; or to hold land in the new province。The undertaking was to be
  strictly   for   the   good   of   others;   not   for   their   own   pecuniary   benefit。   The
  charter granted to them 〃all those lands; countries; and territories situate;
  lying and being in that part of South Carolina; in America〃 between   the
  Savannah   and Altamaha;   gave   them  permission   to   take   over   any   British
  subjects;   or   foreigners   willing   to   become   such;   and   guaranteed   to   each
  settler   the   rights of   an   English   subject;  and   full liberty  of   conscience;
  Papists   alone   excepted。   This   apparently   pointed          exception   was   natural
  enough; since from a political standpoint the new colony was regarded as
  a valuable guard for the Protestant English Colonies on the north; against
  the   Indians   and   Roman   Catholic   colonists   to   the   south;   who   had   been
  keeping the border settlers in a continual state of uneasiness; even in times
  of    nominal      peace。Moreover         England     had    not    forgotten    the    terrible
  experience of the latter half of the preceding century; when it was war to
  the death between Catholic and Protestant; and the latter party being the
  stronger the former was subjected to great and unpardonable persecution;
  many  were  executed;  and   all   holding   that   faith   were  laid   under   political
  disabilities which lasted for a hundred and fifty years。
  The plans of   the Trustees   were very  broad。They  intended   〃to   relieve
  such unfortunate persons as cannot subsist here; and establish them in an
  orderly manner; so as to form a well regulated town。As far as their fund
  goes they will defray the charge of their passage to Georgia  give them
  necessaries; cattle; land; and subsistence; till such time as they can build
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  The Moravians in Georgia
  their houses and clear some of their land。〃 In this manner 〃many families
  who   would   otherwise   starve   will   be   provided   for;   and   made   masters   of
  houses and lands; * * * and by giving refuge to the distressed Salzburgers
  and other Protestants; the power of Britain; as a reward for its hospitality;
  will   be   increased   by   the   addition   of   so   many   religious   and   industrious
  subjects。〃
  Each     of  the   emigrants     was    to  receive    about    fifty  acres   of   land;
  including a town lot; a garden of five acres; and a forty…five acre farm; and
  the Trustees offered to give a tract of five hundred acres to any well…to…do
  man who would go over at his own expense; taking with him at least ten
  servants; and promising his military service in case of need。
  But there was a commercial as well as a benevolent side to the designs
  of   the Trustees;  for  they  thought   Georgia  could   be   made   to   furnish   silk;
  wine; oil and drugs in large quantities; the importing of which would keep
  thousands of pounds sterling in English hands which had hitherto gone to
  China;  Persia   and   the  Madeiras。Special   provision   was   therefore  made   to
  secure the planting of mulberry trees as the first step towards silk culture;
  the other branches to be introduced as speedily as might be。
  Filled with enthusiasm for their plan; the Trustees proceeded to spread
  abroad the most glowing descriptions of the country where the new colony
  was to be settled。
  〃The kind spring; which but salutes us here;Inhabits there; and courts
  them   all   the   year。   Ripe   fruits   and   blossoms   on   the   same   trees   live   At
  once they promise; when at once they give。 So sweet the air; so moderate
  the clime;None sickly lives; or dies before his time。 Heaven; sure; has kept
  this spot of earth uncurst;To shew how all things were created first。〃
  So wrote Oglethorpe; quoting the lines as the best pen picture he could
  give   of   the   new   land;   and   truly;   if   the   colonists   found   the   reality   less
  roseate     than   they   anticipated;    it  was   not   the  fault   of  their   generous;
  energetic leader; who spared neither pains nor means in his effort to make
  all things work out as his imagination had painted them。
  The Trustees having; with great care; selected thirty…five families from
  the number who wished to go; the first emigrant ship sailed for Georgia in
  November;        1732;   bearing     about   one    hundred     and   twenty…five     〃sober;
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  The Moravians in Georgia
  industrious      and    moral     persons〃;     and    all   needful     stores    for   the
  establishment       of  the  colony。Early     in   the  following     year  they   reached
  America; and Oglethorpe; having chosen a high bluff on the southern bank
  of   the   Savannah   River;  concluded   a   satisfactory  treaty  with Tomochichi;
  the   chief   of   the   nearest   Indian   tribe;   which   was   later   r