Incorporate　themselves；　and　keep　Courts；　to　confront　the
  Merchants…Adventurers；　which　they　never　did　before：　To　have
  drawne　the　Taring　of　Cloth　into　Holland；　where　the　Buyers　are　in
  some　sort；　Judges　&　Parties；　which　before　was　in　the　Mart…towne；
  where　the　Seller　was　present：　And　lastly　to　have　hastned　the
  great　Imposition　in　Holland。　All　which　are　matters　of　moment；　and
  concerne　the　Cloth…trade　very　much；　and　whereof　the　English
  Factors　there　residing　doe　generally　complaine：　Yet　These　I
  rather　instance　then　urge：　leaving　the　further　Overture　thereof
  to　their　own　relation。
  Now　the　forreine　causes　of　the　decay　of　the　Drapery　of
  England：　are　either　generall；　as　the　warres　in　Germany：　or
  speciall　as　the　great　Imposition　lately　laide　upon　our　Cloth　in
  Holland。
  By　the　former；　the　Course　of　Trade　is　stopt　and　hindered；
  that　Merchants　cannot　passe　without　perill　from　place　to　place：
  and　the　monies　become　so　variable；　that　when　a　Merchant　hath　sold
  his　Cloth；　and　hopeth　to　have　gained　something　thereby；　by　that
  time　that　the　terme　for　payment　is　expired；　he　receiveth　lesse　in
  value　then　the　Clothes　cost；　by　the　raising　and　rising　of　the
  monies。
  By　the　latter；　the　Merchants　of　the　Netherlands　are
  discouraged；　wherby　many　of　them　have　given　over　their　trades；
  which　heretofore　they　followed　in　ample　manner；　unto　Muscovy；　the
  East…Countries　and　other　places；　in　our　English　Clothes　bought　of
  the　Merchants…Adventurers　from　time　to　time。
  Cap。　III。
  Of　governed　Trade；　and　therein　of　Monopoly。
  Hitherto　the　Matter　of　Trade　hath　beene　considered　in　Money
  and　Merchandize：　the　Forme　followeth；　and　that　either　in　respect
  of　Government；　or　want　of　Government　in　trade。　Government　is　a
  representation　of　the　Majestie　and　Authoritie　of　the　King。　The
  subject　that　is　honoured　with　Government；　is　invested　with　part
  of　the　Kings　Honour。　The　Trades　of　this　Kingdome　which　by　His
  Majesties　especiall　Grace　and　Favour　are　reduced　under　Order　and
  Government　into　Corporations；　Companies；　and　Societies；　doe
  certainly　much　Advance　and　Advantage　the　Commerce　of　this
  Common…wealth；　and　farre　excell　the　trades　of　any　other　forreine
  Merchants　in　their　ungoverned　trades。
  But　as　the　Use　of　Government　is　excellent　for　the　restraint
  of　unskilfull　and　disorderly　trade：　so　the　Abuse　thereof　is　as
  inconvient；　if　at　any　time　the　same　be　too　strict；　and　come
  within　the　compasse　of　a　Monopoly。　And　because　the　name　and
  nature　of　Monopoly；　is　more　talk't　of；　then　well　understood　of
  many；　and　some　thinke　that　the　reducing　of　trade　into　Order　and
  Government；　is　a　kinde　of　Monopolizing　and　restraint　of　trade：　I
  have　thought　it　not　unseasonable　to　bestow　some　specaill　paines
  in　the　diligent　investigation　thereof。　Not　that　I　would　have　the
  trade　of　the　Kingdome；　so　circumscribed　or　appropriated　to　any；
  that　others　of　His　Majesties　subjects　should　be　deprived　of　the
  libertie　thereof；　but　that　upon　equall　and　reasonable　termes；
  trading　under　Order　and　Government；　without　that　ill　tincture　of
  Monopoly；　the　Kings　high　way　of　trade　should　be　opened　unto　all。
  The　name　therefor　of　Monopoly　in　our　English　tongue；　is
  derived；　as　the　learned　know；　of　the　Greeke　word　｛Greek　word
  omitted｝：　whence　also　the　Latine　word　Monopolium　is　borrowed。
  Some　derive　it　of　｛Greek　word　omitted｝　Solus；　&　｛Greek　word
  omitted｝　Versor；　to　converse　alone。　Others　of　｛Greek　word
  omitted｝　Solus；　and；　｛Greek　word　omitted｝　Civitas；　quasi　unica
  negotiatio　in　Civitate。　But　all　these　agree　in　one　meaning　of　the
  word；　that　is　Singularis　Negotiatio；　a　diverting　of　Commerce　from
  the　naturall　course　and　use　thereof；　into　the　hands　of　some　few；
  to　their　benefite；　and　others　projudice。　I　also　find　many
  definition　of　Monopolies：　and　a　g　reat　question　among　the
  Civilans；　whether　a　Monopoly　may　bee　exercised　of　one　alone；　and
  whether　it　consist　aswell　in　Locatio　Conductio；　as　they　speak；　as
  in　Emptio　Venditio。　Which　last　is　out　of　question　with　all。　And
  of　the　former　I　find　an　instance　in　Artistotle　of　Thales　Milesius
  his　Monopoly：　who　by　his　knowledge　in　Astrology；　foreseeing　one
  yeare　in　the　winter；　that　there　would　be　great　plentie　of　oiles
  the　next　yeare；　hired　before　hand　all　the　places　and　engines　for
  making　of　oile　through　both　the　Ilands　of　Melazo　&　Chius；　and
  afterwards　let　out　the　same　againe　at　this　owne　place　he　maketh
  also　mention　of　another；　who　bought　up　all　the　Iron　in　Sicilia；
  which　afterwards　he　sold　againe；　and　made　one　hundred　talents　of
  that　which　cost　him　but　fiftie。　Amongst　others　I　will　take　the
  definition　of　Althusius　for　all　the　rest。　Monopolium；　saith　he；
  Est　Commercium　emendi；　vendendi；　permutadiue；　a　pancis　veluno
  etiam　usurpatum；　reliquis　ciutbus　preceptum；　quo　pretia　augetur
  cum　lucro　negotiantis；　&　reliquorum　damno。　That　is　Monopoly　is　a
  kinde　of　Commerce；　in　buying；　selling；　changing　or　bartering；
  usurped　by　a　few；　and　sometimes　but　by　one　person；　and
  fore…stalled　from　all　others；　to　the　Gaine　of　the　Monopolist；　and
  to　the　Detriment　of　other　men。
  The　parts　then　of　a　Monopoly　are　twaine。　The　restraint　of　the
  liberty　of　Commerce　to　some　one　or　few：　and　the　setting　of　the
  price　at　the　pleasure　of　the　Monopolian　to　his　private　benefit；
  and　the　prejudice　of　the　publique。　Upon　which　two　hinges　every
  Monopoly　turneth。　And　these　two　parts　are　respectively　repugnant
  to　the　two　fundamental　requisites　of　all　good　Lawes：　to　with；
  Equity　and　Utility。　For　it　against　Equity；　that　one　member　of　a
  Common…wealth　should　be　more　free；　then　another　of　equall　ranke
  and　condition。　And　what　can　be　more　contrary　to　Publique　Utility；
  then　that　some　one　or　few　persons；　should　sway　the　price　of　any
  thing　usefull　to　the　Common…wealth　to　their　owne　enriching；　and
  the　common　losse　of　other　men？　And　here　it　is　to　bee　well
  observed；　that　unlesse　these　two　parts　concurre　in　a　Monopoly：　it
  cannot　truely　and　properly　be　so　called；　nor　ought　it　so　to　bee
  accounted。　And　therefore　Althusius　following　Decianus；　saith　well
  of　that　restraint　of　the　common　liberty；　which　we　call　Suit　of
  Mill：　which　compelleth　men　to　use　this　or　that　Mill　to　grinde
  corne；　and　none　other：　that　it　doth　only　Sapere　Monopolium；
  Savour　of　Monopoly：　but　that　it　is　not　truely　and　properly　a
  Monopoly。　For　that　case　of　Suit　of　Mill；　unlesse　there　be　a
  greater　tolle　or　recompence　exacted　for　grinding；　then　at　other
  Milles；　it　falleth　onely　within　the　first　part　of　a　Monopoly；　to
  wit；　of　the　restraint　of　the　publicke　liberty；　but　not　within
  compasse　of　the　other　part；　the　setting　of　the　price。　but　for
  this　restraint　of　the　publique　liberty　of　Commerce；　it　may　be　so
  ordered　by　the　wisedome　of　the　State；　that　it　may　be　both　Lawfull
  and　Beneficiall　to　the　Common…wealth。　Which　assertion；　because　it
  may　seeme　strange　to　some；　I　will　make　evident　by　good　Authority
  and　Examples。　Peter　Martyr　that　famous　light　of　the　Churches　of
  the　Gospell；　defendeth　the　restraint　of　Solomon；　that　none　shold
  buy　Horses　of　Egypt　without　his　licence；　to　be　Lawfull。　And　of
  this　kinde　is　the　Preemption　of　Tinne　here　in　England；　granted　by
  His　Majesties　gracious　letters　Patents　do　somefew；　with　restraint
  of　all　others：　which　I　dare　boldly　affirme　is　not　onely　Lawfull；
  but　very　Beneficiall　also　to　this　Commonwealth。　For　thereby　our
  Thrice　Noble　Prince　receiveth　a　good　revenue；　and　the　Tinne　of
  this　Land　is　sold　for　many　thousand　pounds　a　yeare　more　in
  Forrein　parts；　then　otherwise　it　would；　to　the　great　increase　of
  the　Common　stocke　of　this　Kingdome。　Also　the　Law　of　this　Realme
  alloweth；　that　if　any　man　invent　a　new　Art；　beneficiall　to　the
  Common　wealth；　he　may　have　a　Patent　to　use　that　Arte　soley；　with
  restraint　of　all　others　for　seven　years：　as　well　in　recompence　of
  his　industry；　as　for　the　incouragement　of　others；　to　study　and
  invent　things　profitable　for　the　publique　symbiosis。　The　Statues
  of　the　Kingdome　restraine　from　the　exercise　of　sundry　Crafts；　all
  such　as　have　not　served　an　apprentishood　unto　the　art　which　they
  would　exercise：　to　the　ende　that　those　artes　might　be　brought　to
  better　perfection；　and　the　things　made；　might　be　good　and
  serviceable　for　those　that　buy　and　use　them。
  The　restraint　of　the　Publique　Liberty；　is　sometimes　exercised
  by
  Private　Authority：　sometimes　by　Publique。　Which　distinction　is
  made　by　the　Emperour　Zeno。　Iubemus　ne　quis　prosua　authoritate；
  vel　sacro　elicito　rescripto；　etc。　Monopolium　audeat　exercere。
  The　former；　is　practised　when　any　one　or　more；　have　by　their
  owne　private　contracts；　gotten　any　Commoditie　or　matter　of
  Commerce；　wholly　into　their　owne　hands。　Of　this　kinde　are　the
  examples　above　cited　out　of　Aristotle。
  The　latter；　is　when　by　Publique　Authority；　the　liberty　of　the
  subject　is　restrained：　which　is　done；　sometimes　by　the
  Prerogative　of　the　King：　sometimes　by　Act　of　Parliament。
  The　former；　by　dispensing　with　a　generall　Law　in　some　point；
  and　applying　the　dispensation　to　some　one　or　fewe；　with　restraint
  of　others。　The　latter；　by　prohibiting　all；　but　some　one　or　few
  persons　to　use　the　benefit　of　the　Law　in　some　point　or　other。