discovered　the　incapacity　of　the　watchers。　Wild　fowl　were　so　numerous　on
  an　island　opposite　the　farm　that　we　not　only　shot　them　as　we　required；
  but　on　one　occasion　Lieutenant　Baker　and　myself　bagged　in　about　two
  hours　sixty…eight　ducks　and　geese；　most　of　which　were　single　shots　in
  flight　overhead。
  I　found　the　necessity　of　re…sowing　the　land　so　thickly　that　there　should
  be　sufficient　grain　to　allow　for　the　depredations　of　our　enemies。　I　set
  vermin　traps　and　caught　the　guinea…fowl。　Then　the　natural　enemy　appeared
  in　the　wild　cats；　who　took　the　guinea…fowls　out　of　the　traps。　At　first
  the　men　were　suspected　of　stealing　the　birds；　but　the　unmistakable
  tracks　of　the　wild　cats　were　found　close　to　the　traps；　and　shortly　after
  the　wily　cats　themselves　became　victims。　These　were　generally　of　the
  genus　Herpestris。
  When　the　crops；　having　resisted　many　enemies；　appeared　above　ground；
  they　were　attacked　by　the　mole　crickets　in　formidable　numbers。　These
  destructive　insects　lived　beneath　the　small　solid　clods　of　earth；　and
  issuing　forth　at　night；　they　bit　the　young　shoot　clean　off　close　to　the
  parent　grain　at　the　point　of　extreme　sweetness。　The　garden　suffered
  terribly　from　these　insects；　which　destroyed　whole　rows　of　cucumber
  plants。
  I　had　brought　ploughs　from　Cairo。　These　were　the　native　implements　that
  are　used　throughout　Egypt。　There　is　always　a　difficulty　in　the　first
  commencement　of　agricultural　enterprise　in　a　wild　country；　and　much
  patience　is　required。
  Some　of　my　Egyptian　soldiers　were　good　ploughmen；　to　which　employment
  they　had　been　formerly　accustomed；　but　the　bullocks　of　the　country　were
  pigheaded　creatures　that　for　a　long　time　resisted　all　attempts　at
  conversion　to　the　civilized　labour　of　Egyptian　cattle。　They　steadily
  refused　to　draw　the　ploughs；　and　they　determined　upon　an　〃agricultural
  strike。〃　They　had　not　considered　that　we　could　strike　also；　and
  tolerably　hard；　with　the　hippopotamus　hide　whips；　which　were　a　more
  forcible　appeal　to　their　feelings　than　a　〃lock…out。〃　However；　this
  contest　ended　in　the　bullocks　lying　down；　and　thus　offering　a　passive
  resistance　that　could　not　be　overcome。　There　is　nothing　like　arbitration
  to　obtain　pure　justice；　and　as　I　was　the　arbitrator；　I　ordered　all
  refractory　bullocks　to　be　eaten　as　rations　by　the　troops。　A　few　animals
  at　length　became　fairly　tractable；　and　we　had　a　couple　of　ploughs　at
  work；　but　the　result　was　a　series　of　zigzag　furrows　that　more　resembled
  the　indiscriminate　ploughings　of　a　herd　of　wild　boar　than　the　effect　of
  an　agricultural　implement。　Nothing　will　ever　go　straight　at　the
  commencement；　therefore　the　ploughs　naturally　went　crooked；　but　the
  whole　affair　forcibly　reminded　me　of　my　first　agricultural　enterprise　on
  the　mountains　of　Ceylon　twenty…five　years　earlier。　＇*＇
  ＇*Footnote：　See　〃Eight　Years'　Wanderings　in　Ceylon；〃　published　by
  Longman　&　Co。＇
  The　mean　temperature　at　the　station　of　Tewfikeeyah　had　been：
  In　the　month　of　May；　at　6　a。m。　73　degrees　Fahrenheit
  〃　　　　　　　　　　　at　Noon　　　92　degrees　　　　〃
  〃　　　　　June；　at　6　a。m。　72　degrees　　　　〃
  〃　　　　　　　　　　　at　Noon　　　86　degrees　　　　〃
  〃　　　　　July；　at　6　a。m。　71　degrees　　　　〃
  〃　　　　　　　　　　　at　Noon　　　81　degrees　　　　〃
  During　May　we　had　heavy　rain　during　3　days。
  〃　　　　　　〃　　　　　　　　light　　〃　　　　　〃　　　　4　　　〃　　　7　days。
  During　June　we　had　heavy　rain　during　5　days。
  〃　　　　　〃　　　　　　　　　light　　　〃　　　　〃　　　　6　　　〃　　　11　days
  〃　　　July　　　　　　　　heavy　　　〃　　　　〃　　　10　　　〃
  〃　　　　　〃　　　　　　　　　light　　　〃　　　　〃　　　　4　　　〃　　　14　days
  Sickness　increased　proportionately　with　the　increase　of　rain；　owing　to
  the　sudden　chills　occasioned　by　the　heavy　showers。　The　thermometer　would
  sometimes　fall　rapidly　to　68　degrees　Fahr。　during　a　storm　of　rain；
  accompanied　by　a　cold　rush　of　air　from　the　cloud。　Fortunately　I　had
  provided　the　troops　with　blankets；　which　had　not　been　included　in　their
  kit　by　the　authorities　at　Khartoum。
  CHAPTER　V。
  EXPLORATION　OF　THE　OLD　WHITE　NILE。
  I　had　long　since　determined　to　explore　the　sudd；　or　obstructions　of　the
  main　Nile；　in　the　hope　of　discovering　some　new　passage　which　the　stream
  might　have　forced　through　the　vegetation。　A　Shillook；　named　Abdullah；
  closely　connected　with　Quat　Kare；　had　promised　to　accompany　me；　and　to
  supply　the　necessary　guides。　The　river　was　fullthus　I　started　on　11th
  August；　1870。
  The　engines　of　the　No。　10　steamer　had　been　thoroughly　repaired　during
  our　stay　at　Tewfikeeyah。　I　had　loaded　her　to　the　maximum　with　well…cut
  〃Soont〃　（Acacia　Arabicce）；　which　is　the　best　fuel；　and　knowing；　by　the
  experience　of　former　years；　that　a　scarcity　of　wood　existed　near　the
  Bahr　Gazal；　I　had　loaded　one　of　the　largest　vessels　（about　seventy　tons）
  with　a　supply；　to　accompany　us　as　a　tender。　I　had　also　filled　my
  diahbeeah　with　selected　fuel。
  We　steamed　thirteen　hours　from　Tewfikeeyah；　with　the　tender　and
  diahbeeah　in　tow；　and　reached　the　old　sudd　about　twelve　miles　beyond　the
  Bahr　Giraffe　junction。　The　water　below　the　sudd　was　quite　clear　from
  floating　vegetation；　as　it　had　been　filtered　through　this　extraordinary
  obstruction。
  I　will　not　fatigue　the　reader　by　a　description　of　this　voyage。　We　were
  as　usual　in　a　chaos　of　marshes。　We　found　a　small　channel；　which　took　us
  to　the　Bahr　Gazal。　This　swampy　and　stagnant　lacustine　river　was　much
  changed　since　I　had　last　seen　it　in　1865。　It　was　now　a　succession　of
  lakes；　through　which　we　steamed　for　several　hours；　but　without
  discovering　any　exit；　except　the　main　passage　coming　from　the　west；
  which　is　the　actual　Bahr　Gazal。
  This　was　the　third　time　that　I　had　visited　this　river。　Upon　the　former
  occasions　I　had　remarked　the　total　absence　of　current；　this　was　even
  still　more　remarkable　at　the　present　time；　as　the　river　was　not　only
  full；　but　the　surface；　formerly　clogged　and　choked　with　dense　rafts　of
  vegetation；　was　now　clear。　I　sounded　the　depth　of　the　lakes　and　main
  channel；　which　gave　a　remarkable　mean　of　seven　feet　throughout；　showing
  that　the　bottom　was　remarkably　flat；　and　had　not　been　subjected　to　the
  action　of　any　stream　that　would　have　caused　inequalities　in　the　surface
  of　the　ground。
  When　the　vessels　lay　at　anchor；　the　filth　of　the　ships　remained
  alongside；　thus　proving　the　total　absence　of　stream。　It　has　always
  appeared　to　me　that　some　western　outlet　concealed　by　the　marsh　grass
  must　exist；　which　carries　away　the　water　brought　down　by　the　Djour；　and
  other　streams；　into　the　lacustrine　regions　of　the　Bahr　Gazal。　There　is
  no　doubt　that　the　evaporation；　and　also　the　absorption　of　water　by　the
  immense　area　of　spongy　vegetation；　is　a　great　drain　upon　the　volume
  subscribed　by　the　affluents　from　the　south…west；　nevertheless；　I　should
  have　expected　some　stream；　however　slight；　at　the　junction　with　the
  Nile。　My　experience　of　the　Bahr　Gazal　assures　me　that　little　or　no　water
  is　given　to　the　White　Nile　by　the　extraordinary　series　of　lakes　and
  swamps；　which　change　the　appearance　of　the　surface　from　year　to　year；
  like　the　shifting　phases　of　a　dream。
  Our　lamented　traveller；　Livingstone；　was　completely　in　error　when　he
  conjectured　that　the　large　river　Lualaba　that　he　had　discovered
  south…west　of　the　Tanganyika　lake　was　an　affluent　of　the　Bahr　Gazal。　The
  Lualaba　is　far　to　the　west　of　the　Nile　Basin；　and　may　possibly　flow　to
  the　Congo。　I　have　shown　in　former　works；　in　describing　the　system　of　the
  Nile；　that　the　great　affluents　of　that　river　invariably　flow　from　the
  south…eastvide；　the　Atbara；　Blue　Nile；　Sobat；　and　the　Asua；　which　is
  very　inferior　so　the　three　great　rivers　named。
  We　have　lastly　the　Victoria　Nile　of　the　Victoria　N'yanza；　following　the
  same　principle；　and　flowing　from　the　south…east　to　the　Albert　N'yanza。
  This　proves　that　the　direct　drainage　of　the　Nile　Basin　is　from　the
  south…east　to　the　north…west；　it　is　therefore　probable　that；　as　the
  inclination　of　the　country　is　towards　the　west；　there　may　be　some　escape
  from　the　lake　marshes　of　the　Bahr　Gazal　in　the　same　direction。
  On　21st　August；　having　been　absent　ten　days；　during　which　we　had　been
  very　hard　at　work；　exploring　in　the　unhealthy　marshes　of　the　Bahr　Gaza＇；
  we　returned　hopelessly　to　Tewfikeeyah。
  The　great　river　Nile　was　entirely　lost；　and　had　become　a　swamp；　similar
  to　the　condition　of　the　Bahr　Giraffe。　It　was　impossible　to　guess　the
  extent　of　the　obstruction；　but　I　was　confident　that　it　would　be　simply　a
  question　of　time　and　labour　to　clear　the　original　channel　by　working
  from　below　the　stream。　The　great　power　of　the　current　would　assist　the
  work；　and　with　proper　management　this　formerly　beautiful　river　might　be
  restored　to　its　original　condition。　It　would　be　impossible　to　clear　the
  Bahr　Giraffe　permanently；　as　there　was　not　sufficient　breadth　of　channel
  to　permit　the　escape　of　huge　rafts　of　vegetation　occupying　the　surface
  of　perhaps　an　acre；　but　the　great　width　of　the　Nile；　if　once　opened；
  together　with　the　immense　power　of　the　stream；　would；　with　a　little
  annual　inspection；　assure　the　permanency　of　the　work。
  I　came　to　the　conclusion　that　a　special　expedition　must　be　sent　from
  Khartoum　to　take　this　important　work　in　hand；　as　it　would　be　quite
  useless　to　annex　and　attempt　to　civilize　Central　Africa；　unless　a　free
  communication　existe