the　financial　administration；　and　Mr。　Rivers　Wilson　has　been　induced　to
  accept　the　responsible　office　of　Minister　of　Finance。　Nubar　Pacha　has
  been　recalled　to　office；　and　he　must　regard　with　pride　the　general
  confidence　occasioned　throughout　Europe　by　his　reappointment。　The
  absolute　despotism　hitherto　inseparable　from　Oriental　ideas　of
  government　has　been　spontaneously　abrogated　by　the　Khedive；　who　has
  publicly　announced　his　determination　that　the　future　administration
  shall　be　conducted　by　a　council　of　responsible　ministers。
  England　has　become　the　great　shareholder　in　the　Suez　Canal；　which　is　the
  important　link　with　our　Indian　Empire。　At　the　alarm　of　war　we　have
  already　seen　the　fleet　of　steam　transports　hurrying　through　the　isthmus；
  and　carrying　native　troops　to　join　the　British　forces　in　the
  Mediterranean。　We　have　learnt　to　know；　and　the　Khedive　has　wisdom　to
  understand；　that　the　bonds　between　Egypt　and　Great　Britain　are
  inseparable。　At　the　same　time　we　have　been　aided　by　the　cordial　alliance
  of　France　in　promoting　the　advance　of　free　institutions　and　the　growth
  of　European　influence　in　the　administration　of　the　country。　England　and
  France；　who　struggled　in　hostile　rivalry　upon　the　sands　and　seas　of
  Egypt；　are　now　joined　in　the　firm　determination　to　uphold　the　integrity
  of　the　great　canal　of　Suez；　and　these　powers　and　leaders　of　civilization
  will　become　the　guides　and　guardians　of　Egyptian　interests。　The　reforms
  already　sanctioned　with　a　new　era　of　justice　and　economy　will　insure　the
  confidence　of　British　capitalists；　the　resources　of　Egypt　will　be
  developed　by　engineering　skill　that　will　control　the　impetuosity　of　the
  Nile　and　protect　the　Delta　alike　from　the　scarcity　of　drought；　and　from
  the　risk　of　inundation。　The　Nile　sources；　which　from　the　earliest　times
  had　remained　a　mystery；　have　been　discovered　by　the　patience　and
  industry　of　Englishmen；　the　Nile　will　at　no　distant　period　be　rendered
  navigable　throughout　its　course；　and　Egypt；　which　for　actual　existence
  depends　alone　upon　that　mighty　river；　will　be　restored　by　British
  enterprise；　supported　by　the　intelligence　and　good…will　of　its　ruler；　to
  the　position　which　it　held　in　the　pages　of　Eastern　history。
  1878。
  S。　W。　B。
  ISMAILIA。
  CHAPTER　I。
  INTRODUCTORY。
  In　the　present　work　I　shall　describe　the　history　of　the　Khedive　of
  Egypt's　expedition；　which　I　have　had　the　honour　to　command；　as　the　first
  practical　step　that　has　been　taken　to　suppress　the　slave　trade　of
  Central　Africa。
  I　shall　not　repeat；　beyond　what　may　be　absolutely　necessary；　that　which
  has　already　been　published　in　my　former　works　on　Africa；　〃The　Albert
  N'yanza〃　and　〃The　Nile　Tributaries　of　Abyssinia；〃　but　I　shall　adhere　to
  the　simple　path　taken　by　the　expedition。　This　enterprise　was　the　natural
  result　of　my　original　explorations；　in　which　I　had　been　an　eye…witness
  to　the　horrors　of　the　slave　trade；　which　I　determined；　if　possible；　to
  suppress。
  In　my　former　journey　I　had　traversed　countries　of　extreme　fertility　in
  Central　Africa；　with　a　healthy　climate　favourable　for　the　settlement　of
  Europeans；　at　a　mean　altitude　of　4；000　feet　above　the　sea　level。　This
  large　and　almost　boundless　extent　of　country　was　well　peopled　by　a　race
  who　only　required　the　protection　of　a　strong　but　paternal　government　to
  become　of　considerable　importance；　and　to　eventually　develop　the　great
  resources　of　the　soil。
  I　found　lands　varying　in　natural　capabilities　according　to　their
  position　and　altitudeswhere　sugar；　cotton；　coffee；　rice；　spices；　and
  all　tropical　produce　might　be　successfully　cultivated；　but　those　lands
  were　without　any　civilized　form　of　government；　and　〃every　man　did　what
  seemed　right　in　his　own　eyes。〃
  In　this　dislocated　state　of　society；　the　slave　trade　prospered　to　the
  detriment　of　all　improvement。　Rich　and　well…populated　countries　were
  rendered　desolate；　the　women　and　children　were　carried　into　captivity；
  villages　were　burnt；　and　crops　were　destroyed　or　pillaged；　the
  population　was　driven　out；　a　terrestrial　paradise　was　converted　into　an
  infernal　region；　the　natives　who　were　originally　friendly　were　rendered
  hostile　to　all　strangers；　and　the　general　result　of　the　slave　trade
  could　only　be　expressed　in　one　word〃ruin。〃
  The　slave　hunters　and　traders　who　had　caused　this　desolation　were　for
  the　most　part　Arabs；　subjects　of　the　Egyptian　government。
  These　people　had　deserted　their　agricultural　occupations　in　the　Soudan
  and　had　formed　companies　of　brigands　in　the　pay　of　various　merchants　of
  Khartoum。　The　largest　trader　had　about　2；500　Arabs　in　his　pay；　employed
  as　pirates　or　brigands；　in　Central　Africa。　These　men　were　organized
  after　a　rude　military　fashion；　and　armed　with　muskets；　they　were　divided
  into　companies；　and　were　officered　in　many　cases　by　soldiers　who　had
  deserted　from　their　regiments　in　Egypt　or　the　Soudan。
  It　is　supposed　that　about　15；000　of　the　Khedive's　subjects　who　should
  have　been　industriously　working　and　paying　their　taxes　in　Egypt　were
  engaged　in　the　so…called　ivory　trade　and　slave…hunting　of　the　White
  Nile。
  Each　trader　occupied　a　special　district；　where；　by　a　division　of　his
  forces　in　a　chain　of　stations；　each　of　which　represented　about　300　men；
  he　could　exercise　a　right　of　possession　over　a　certain　amount　of　assumed
  territory。
  In　this　manner　enormous　tracts　of　country　were　occupied　by　the　armed
  bands　from　Khartoum；　who　could　make　alliances　with　the　native　tribes　to
  attack　and　destroy　their　neighbours；　and　to　carry　off　their　women　and
  children；　together　with　vast　herds　of　sheep　and　cattle。
  I　have　already　fully　described　this　system　in　〃The　Albert　N'yanza；〃
  therefore　it　will　be　unnecessary　to　enter　into　minute　details　in　the
  present　work。　It　will　be　sufficient；　to　convey　an　idea　of　the　extended
  scale　of　the　slave…hunting　operations；　to　explain　that　an　individual
  trader　named　Agad　assumed　the　right　over　nearly　NINETY　THOUSAND　SQUARE
  MILES　of　territory。　Thus　his　companies　of　brigands　could　pillage　at
  discretion；　massacre；　take；　burn；　or　destroy　throughout　this　enormous
  area；　or　even　beyond　this　broad　limit；　if　they　had　the　power。
  It　is　impossible　to　know　the　actual　number　of　slaves　taken　from　Central
  Africa　annually；　but　I　should　imagine　that　at　least　fifty　thousand　are
  positively　either　captured　and　held　in　the　various　zareebas　（or　camps）
  or　are　sent　via　the　White　Nile　and　the　various　routes　overland　by　Darfur
  and　Kordofan。　The　loss　of　life　attendant　upon　the　capture　and　subsequent
  treatment　of　the　slaves　is　frightful。　The　result　of　this　forced
  emigration；　combined　with　the　insecurity　of　life　and　property；　is　the
  withdrawal　of　the　population　from　the　infested　districts。　The　natives
  have　the　option　of　submission　to　every　insult；　to　the　violation　of　their
  women　and　the　pillage　of　their　crops；　or　they　must　either　desert　their
  homes　and　seek　independence　in　distant　districts；　or　ally　themselves
  with　their　oppressors　to　assist　in　the　oppression　of　other　tribes。　Thus
  the　seeds　of　anarchy　are　sown　throughout　Africa；　which　fall　among　tribes
  naturally　prone　to　discord。　The　result　is　horrible　confusion；distrust
  on　all　sides；treachery；　devastation；　and　ruin。
  This　was　the　state　of　Central　Africa　and　the　White　Nile　when　I　was　first
  honoured　with　the　notice　of　Ismail　Pacha；　the　present　Khedive　of　Egypt。
  I　had　received　certain　intimations　from　the　Foreign　Minister；　Nubar
  Pacha；　concerning　the　Khedive's　intentions；　a　short　time　previous　to　an
  invitation　with　which　I　was　honoured　by　his　Royal　Highness　the　Prince　of
  Wales　to　accompany　their　Royal　Highnesses　the　Prince　and　Princess　during
  their　tour　in　Egypt。
  It　is　almost　needless　to　add　that；　upon　arrival　in　Egypt；　the　Prince　of
  Wales；　who　represented　at　heart　the　principles　of　Great　Britain；　took
  the　warmest　interest　in　the　suppression　of　the　slave　trade。
  The　Khedive；　thus　supported　and　encouraged　in　his　ideas　of　reform；
  concluded　his　arrangements　for　the　total　abolition　of　the　slave　trade；
  not　only　throughout　his　dominions；　but　he　determined　to　attack　that
  moral　cancer　by　actual　cautery　at　the　very　root　of　the　evil。
  I　was　accordingly　requested　to　draw　up　a　plan　for　the　proposed
  expedition　to　Central　Africa。
  After　some　slight　modifications；　I　received　from　the　Khedive　the
  following　firman：
  〃We；　Ismail；　Khedive　of　Egypt；　considering　the　savage　condition　of　the
  tribes　which　inhabit　the　Nile　Basin；
  〃Considering　that　neither　government；　nor　laws；　nor　security　exists　in
  those　countries；
  〃Considering　that　humanity　enforces　the　suppression　of　the　slave…hunters
  who　occupy　those　countries　in　great　numbers；
  〃Considering　that　the　establishment　of　legitimate　commerce　throughout
  those　countries　will　be　a　great　stride　towards　future　civilization；　and
  will　result　in　the　opening　to　steam　navigation　of　the　great　equatorial
  lakes　of　Central　Africa；　and　in　the　establishing　a　permanent　government
  。　。　。　。　We　have　decreed　and　now　decree　as　follows：
  〃An　expedition　is　organized　to　subdue　to　our　authority　the　countries
  situated　to　the　south　of　Gondokoro；
  〃To　suppress　the　slave　trade；　to　introduce　a　system　of　regular　commerce；
  〃To　open　to　navigation　the　great　lakes　of　the　equator；
  〃And　to　establish　a　ch