Ismailia
  by　Samuel　W。　Baker
  Contents。
  Chap。
  I。　　　　　　Introductory
  II。　　　　　English　Party
  III。　　　　The　Retreat
  IV。　　　　　The　Camp　at　Tewfikeeyah
  V。　　　　　　Exploration　of　the　Old　White　Nile
  VI。　　　　　The　Start
  VII。　　　　Arrival　at　Gondokoro
  VIII。　　　Official　Annexation
  IX。　　　　　New　Enemies
  X。　　　　　　Destruction　of　the　Shir　Detachment
  XI。　　　　　Spirit　of　Disaffection
  XII。　　　　Vessels　Return　to　Khartoum
  XIII。　　　Moral　Results　of　the　Hunt
  XIV。　　　　The　Advance　South
  XV。　　　　　The　Advance　to　Lobore
  XVI。　　　　Arrival　at　Patiko
  XVII。　　　The　March　to　Unyoro
  XVIII。　　March　to　Masindi
  XIX。　　　　Restoration　of　the　Liberated　Slaves
  XX。　　　　　Establish　Commerce
  XXI。　　　　Treachery
  XXII。　　　The　March　to　Rionga
  XXIII。　　Build　a　Stockade　at　Foweera
  XXIV。　　　No　Medical　Men
  XXV。　　　　I　Send　to　Godokoro　for　Reinforcements
  XXVI。　　　Arrival　of　M'Tese's　Envoys
  XXVII。　　CONCLUSION
  Appendix
  Index
  PREFACE。
  An　interval　of　five　years　has　elapsed　since　the　termination　of　my
  engagement　in　the　service　of　His　Highness　the　Khedive　of
  Egypt；　〃to　suppress　the　slave…hunters　of　Central　Africa；　and　to
  annex　the　countries　constituting　the　Nile　Basin；　with　the　object
  of　opening　those　savage　regions　to　legitimate　commerce　and
  establishing　a　permanent　government。〃
  This　volume〃Ismailia〃gives　an　accurate　description　of　the　salient
  points　of　the　expedition。　My　thanks　are　due　to　the　public　for　the　kind
  reception　of　the　work；　and　for　the　general　appreciation　of　the　spirit
  which　prompted　me　to　undertake　a　mission　so　utterly　opposed　to　the
  Egyptian　ideas　of　1869…1873；　at　a　time　when　no　Englishman　had　held　a
  high　command；　when　rival　consulates　were　struggling　for　paramount
  influence；　when　the　native　officials　were　jealous　of　foreign
  interference；　and　it　appeared　that　slavery　and　the　slave　trade　of　the
  White　Nile　were　institutions　almost　necessary　to　the　existence　of
  Egyptian　society。
  It　was　obvious　to　all　observers　that　an　attack　upon　the　slave…dealing
  and　slave…hunting　establishments　of　Egypt　by　a　foreigneran
  Englishmanwould　be　equal　to　a　raid　upon　a　hornets'　nest；　that　all
  efforts　to　suppress　the　old…established　traffic　in　negro　slaves　would　be
  encountered　with　a　determined　opposition；　and　that　the　prime　agent　and
  leader　of　such　an　expedition　must　be　regarded　〃with　hatred；　malice；　and
  all　uncharitableness。〃　At　that　period　（1869）　the　highest　authorities
  were　adverse　to　the　attempt。　An　official　notice　was　despatched　from　the
  British　Foreign　Office　to　the　Consul…General　of　Egypt　that　British
  subjects　belonging　to　Sir　Samuel　Baker's　expedition　must　not　expect　the
  support　of　their　government　in　the　event　of　complications。　The
  enterprise　was　generally　regarded　as　chimerical　in　Europe；　with
  hostility　in　Egypt；　but　with　sympathy　in　America。
  Those　who　have　read　〃Ismailia〃　may　have　felt　some　despondency。　Although
  the　slave…hunters　were　driven　out　of　the　territory　under　my　command；
  there　were　nevertheless　vast　tracts　of　country　through　which　new　routes
  could　be　opened　for　the　slave　caravans　to　avoid　the　cruising　steamers　on
  the　White　Nile；　and　thus　defeat　the　government。　The　Sultan　of　Darfur
  offered　an　asylum　and　a　secure　passage　for　all　slaves　and　their　captors
  who　could　no　longer　venture　within　the　new　boundaries　of　Egypt。　It　was
  evident　that　the　result　of　the　expedition　under　my　command　was　a
  death…blow　to　the　slave　trade；　if　the　Khedive　was　determined　to　persist
  in　its　destruction。　I　had　simply　achieved　the　success　of　a　foundation
  for　a　radical　reform　in　the　so…called　commerce　of　the　White　Nile。　The
  government　had　been　established　throughout　the　newly…acquired
  territories；　which　were　occupied　by　military　positions　garrisoned　with
  regular　troops；　and　all　those　districts　were　absolutely　purged　from　the
  slave…hunters。　In　this　condition　I　resigned　my　command；　as　the　first　act
  was　accomplished。　The　future　would　depend　upon　the　sincerity　of　the
  Khedive；　and　upon　the　ability　and　integrity　of　my　successor。
  It　pleased　many　people　and　some　members　of　the　press　in　England　to
  disbelieve　the　sincerity　of　the　Khedive。　He　was　accused　of　annexation
  under　the　pretext　of　suppressing　the　vast　organization　of　the　White　Nile
  slave…trade。　It　was　freely　stated　that　an　Englishman　was　placed　in
  command　because　an　Egyptian　could　not　be　relied　upon　to　succeed；　but
  that　the　greed　of　new　territory　was　the　actual　and　sole　object　of　the
  expedition；　and　that　the　slave…trade　would　reappear　in　stupendous
  activity　when　the　English　personal　influence　should　be　withdrawn。　Such
  unsympathetic　expressions　must　have　been　a　poor　reward　to　the　Khedive
  for　his　efforts　to　win　the　esteem　of　the　civilized　world　by　the
  destruction　of　the　slave…trade　in　his　own　dominions。
  Few　persons　have　considered　the　position　of　the　Egyptian　ruler　when
  attacking　the　institution　most　cherished　by　his　people。　The　employment
  of　an　European　to　overthrow　the　slave…trade　in　deference　to　the　opinion
  of　the　civilized　world　was　a　direct　challenge　and　attack　upon　the
  assumed　rights　and　necessities　of　his　own　subjects。　The　magnitude　of　the
  operation　cannot　be　understood　by　the　general　public　in　Europe。　Every
  household　in　Upper　Egypt　and　in　the　Delta　was　dependent　upon　slave
  service；　the　fields　in　the　Soudan　were　cultivated　by　slaves；　the　women
  in　the　harems　of　both　rich　and　middle　class　were　attended　by　slaves；　the
  poorer　Arab　woman's　ambition　was　to　possess　a　slave；　in　fact；　Egyptian
  society　without　slaves　would　be　like　a　carriage　devoid　of　wheelsit
  could　not　proceed。
  The　slaves　were　generally　well　treated　by　their　owners；　the　brutality
  lay　in　their　capture；　with　the　attendant　lawlessness　and　murders；　but
  that　was　far　away；　and　the　slave　proprietors　of　Egypt　had　not　witnessed
  the　miseries　of　the　weary　marches　of　the　distant　caravans。　They
  purchased　slaves；　taught　them　their　duties；　fed　and　clothed　themthey
  were　happy；　why　should　the　Khedive　of　Egypt　prohibit　the　traffic　and
  thus　disturb　every　household　in　his　territory？
  There　is　no　Hyde　Park　or　Trafalgar　Square　in　Egypt；　there　are　no
  agitators　nor　open…air　meetings；　fortunately　for　the　modern　ruler；　or　he
  would　have　had　an　unpleasant　expression　of　the　popular　sentiment　at　the
  close　of　my　administration。　The　break…up　of　the　White　Nile　slave…trade
  involved　the　depression　of　trade　in　Khartoum；　as　the　market　had　supplied
  the　large　bands　of　slave…hunters。　The　ivory　of　the　numerous　adventurers
  still　remained　in　the　White　Nile　stations；　as　they　feared　confiscation
  should　their　vessels　be　captured　with　the　ever　accompanying　slave　cargo。
  Thus　little　ivory　arrived　at　Khartoum　to　meet　the　debts　of　the　traders
  to　the　merchants　in　Cairo　and　Alexandria。　These　owed　Manchester　and
  Liverpool　for　calicoes　supplied；　which　had　been　forwarded　to　the　Soudan。
  The　direct　blow　at　the　White　Nile　slave…trade　was　an　indirect　attack
  upon　the　commerce　of　the　country；　which　was　inseparably　connected　with
  the　demand　of　the　Soudan　employers　of　brigands。
  This　slight　outline　of　the　situation　will　exhibit　the　difficulties　of
  the　Khedive　in　his　thankless　and　Herculean　task　of　cleansing　the　Augean
  stables。　He　incurred　the　wrath　of　general　discontent；　his　own　officials
  accused　him　of　deserting　the　Mahommedan　cause　for　the　sake　of　European
  Kudos；　and　while　he　sacrificed　his　popularity　in　Egypt；　his　policy　was
  misconstrued　by　the　powers　he　had　sought　to　gratify。　He　was　accused　of
  civilizing　〃through　the　medium　of　fire　and　sword〃　by　the　same　English
  journals　which　are　now　extolling　the　prowess　of　the　British　arms　in
  Caffraria　and　the　newly…annexed　Transvaal！
  In　this　equivocal　position　it　would　have　been　natural　either　to　have
  abandoned　the　enterprise　at　the　termination　of　my　own　engagement；　or　to
  have　placed　a　Mahommedan　officer　in　charge　of　the　new　provinces。　Instead
  of　this；　His　Highness　adhered　most　strictly　to　his　original
  determination；　and　to　prove　his　sincerity　he　entrusted　the　command　to　an
  English　officer　of　high　reputation；　not　only　for　military　capacity；　but
  for　a　peculiar　attribute　of　self…sacrifice　and　devotion。　Colonel　C。　E。
  Gordon；　R。E。；　C。B。；　was　appointed　Governor…General　of　the　Soudan　and
  equatorial　districts；　with　supreme　power。
  This　appointment　extinguished　the　delusions　which　had　been　nourished　by
  the　Soudan　authorities；　〃that　at　the　expiration　of　Baker　Pacha's　rule
  the　good　old　times　of　slavery　and　lawlessness　would　return。〃　There　was
  no　longer　any　hope；　the　slave…trade　was　suppressed；　and　the　foundation
  was　laid　for　the　introduction　of　European　ideas　and　civilization。　It
  will　now　be　interesting　to　trace　an　outline　of　the　advance　of　Egypt
  during　the　last　five　years。
  The　main　difficulty　in　my　original　enterprise　was　the　obstruction　of　the
  White　Nile　by　the　accumulation　of　matted　vegetation；　which　impeded
  navigation；　and　actually　closed　the　river。　Upon　arrival　at　Gondokoro；
  after　the　tedious　process　of　cutting　through　50　miles　of　swamp　and
  vegetable　matter；　via　the　Bahr　Giraffe；　I　had　requested　the
  Khedive　to　issue　an　order　that　the　Governor　of　Khartoum　should
  immediately　commence　the　great　work　of　re…opening　the　White　Nile。
  His　Highness　without　delay　forwarded　the　necessary　instruc