clear　principle　was　at　stake。　The　two　greet　errors　of　her　reign；　the
  introduction　of　the　Inquisition　and　the　banishment　of　the　Jews；　must
  be　charged　to　the　confessor　rather　than　to　the　Queen；　and　these
  were　errors　in　which　her　husband　was　as　closely　involved　as　herself。
  On　the　other　hand；　some　of　the　best　reforms　of　her　reign　originated
  in　her　own　mind；　and　were　practically　carried　out　under　her　own　close
  personal　supervision。　Many　other　skillful　female　rulers　might　be
  named。　And　it　is　not　only　in　civilized　life　and　in　Christendom　that
  woman　has　shown　herself　wise　in　governing；　even　among　the　wildest
  savage　tribes　they　have　appeared；　occasionally；　as　leaders　and
  rulers。　This　is　a　singular　fact。　It　may　be　proved　from　the　history　of
  this　continent；　and　not　only　from　the　early　records　of　Mexico　and
  Cuba　and　Hayti；　but　also　from　the　reports　of　the　earliest　navigators
  on　our　own　coast；　who　here　and　there　make　mention　incidentally　of
  this　or　that　female　chief　or　sachem。　But　a　fact　far　more　impressive
  and　truly　elevating　to　the　sex　also　appears　on　authority　entirely
  indisputable。　While　women　are　enjoined　by　the　Word　of　God　to
  refrain　from　public　teaching　in　the　Church；　there　have　been　individual
  women　included　among　the　Prophets；　speaking　under　the　direct
  influence　of　the　Most　Holy　Spirit　of　God；　the　highest　dignity　to　which
  human　nature　can　attain。　But　all　these　individual　cases；　whether
  political　or　religious；　have　been　exceptional。　The　lesson　to　be
  learned　from　them　is　plain。　We　gather　naturally　from　these　facts；
  what　may　be　learned　also　from　other　sources；　that；　while　the
  positions　of　the　two　sexes　are　as　such　distinct；　the　one　a　degree
  superior；　the　other　a　degree　inferior；　the　difference　between　them　is
  limitedit　is　not　impassable　in　individual　cases。　The　two　make　up
  but　one　species；　one　body　politic　and　religious。　There　are　many
  senses　besides　marriage　in　which　the　two　are　one。　It　is　the　right
  hand　and　the　left；　both　belonging　to　one　body；　moved　by　common
  feeling；　guided　by　common　reason。　The　left　hand　may　at　times　be
  required　to　do　the　work　of　the　right；　the　right　to　act　as　the　left。　Even
  in　this　world　there　are　occasions　when　the　last　are　first；　the　first
  last；　without　disturbing　the　general　order　of　things。　These
  exceptional　cases　temper　the　general　rule；　but　they　can　not　abrogate
  that　rule　as　regards　the　entire　sex。　Man　learns　from　them　not　to
  exaggerate　his　superioritya　lesson　very　often　needed。　And　woman
  learns　from　them　to　connect　self…respect　and　dignity　with　true
  humility；　and　never；　under　any　circumstances；　to　sink　into　the　mere
  tool　and　toy　of　mana　lesson　equally　important。
  Such　until　the　present　day　has　been　the　general　teaching　and
  practice　of　Christendom；　where；　under　a　mild　form；　and　to　a　limited
  point；　the　subordination　of　woman　has　been　a　fact　clearly
  established。　But　this　teaching　we　are　now　called　upon　to　forget；　this
  practice　we　are　required　to　abandon。　We　have　arrived　at　the　days
  foretold　by　the　Prophet；　when　〃knowledge　shall　be　increased；　and
  many　shall　run　to　and　fro。〃　The　intellectual　progress　of　the　race
  during　the　last　half　century　has　indeed　been　great。　　But　admiration　is
  not　the　only　feeling　of　the　thoughtful　mind　when　observing　this
  striking　advance　in　intellectual　acquirement。　We　see　that　man　has
  not　yet　fully　mastered　the　knowledge　he　has　acquired。　He　runs　to
  and　fro。　He　rushes　from　one　extreme　to　the　other。　How　many
  chapters　of　modern　history；　both　political　and　religious；　are　full　of
  the　records　of　this　mental　vacillation　of　our　race；　of　this　illogical　and
  absurd　tendency　to　pass　from　one　extreme　to　the　point　farthest　from
  it！
  An　adventurous　party　among　us；　weary　of　the　old　paths；　is　now
  eagerly　proclaiming　theories　and　doctrines　entirely　novel　on　this
  important　subject。　The　EMANCIPATION　OF　WOMAN　is　the　name
  chosen　by　its　advocates　for　this　movement。　They　reject　the　idea　of
  all　subordination；　even　in　the　mildest　form；　with　utter　scorn。　They
  claim　for　woman　absolute　social　and　political　equality　with　man。　And
  they　seek　to　secure　these　points　by　conferring　on　the　whole　sex　the
  right　of　the　elective　franchise；　female　suffrage　being　the　first　step　in
  the　unwieldy　revolutions　they　aim　at　bringing　about。　These　views　are
  no　longer　confined　to　a　small　sect。　They　challenge　our　attention　at
  every　turn。　We　meet　them　in　society；　we　read　them　in　the　public
  prints；　we　hear　of　them　in　grave　legislative　assemblies；　in　the
  Congress　of　the　Republic；　in　the　Imperial　Parliament　of　Great　Britain。
  The　time　has　come　when　it　is　necessary　that　all　sensible　and
  conscientious　men　and　women　should　make　up　their　minds　clearly　on
  a　subject　bearing　upon　the　future　condition　of　the　entire　race。
  There　is　generally　more　than　one　influence　at　work　in　all　public
  movements　of　importance。　The　motive　power　in　such　cases　is　very
  seldom
  441
  simple。　So　it　has　been　with　the　question　of　female　suffrage。　The
  abuses　inflicted　on　woman　by　legislation；　the　want　of　sufficient
  protection　for　her　interests　when　confided　to　man；　are　generally
  asserted　by　the　advocates　of　female　suffrage　as　the　chief　motives
  for　a　change　in　the　laws　which　withhold　from　her　the　power　of　voting。
  But　it　is　also　considered　by　the　friend　of　the　new　movement　that　to
  withhold　the　suffrage　from　half　the　race　is　an　inconsistency　in
  American　politics；　that　suffrage　is　an　inalienable　right；　universal　in
  its　application；　that　women　are　consequently　deprived　of　a　great
  natural　right　when　denied　the　power　of　voting。　A　third　reason　is　also
  given　for　this　proposed　change　in　our　political　constitution。　It　is
  asserted　that　the　entire　sex　would　be　greatly　elevated　in　intellectual
  and　moral　dignity　by　such　a　course；　and　that　the　effect　on　the　whole
  race　would　therefore　be　most　advantageous；　as　the　increased
  influence　of　woman　in　public　affairs　would　purify　politics；　and　elevate
  the　whole　tone　of　political　life。　Here　we　have　the　reason　for　this
  movement　as　advanced　by　its　advocates。　These　are　the　points　on
  which　they　lay　the　most　stress：
  FIRST。　The　abuse　of　legislative　power　in　man；　by　oppressing　the　sex。
  SECONDLY。　The　inalienable　natural　right　of　woman　to　vote；　and
  imperatively　so　in　a　country　where　universal　suffrage　is　a　great
  political　principle。
  THIRDLY。　The　elevation　of　the　sex；　and　the　purification　of　politics
  through　their　influence。
  Let　us　consider　each　of　these　points　separately。
  FIRST。　THE　ABUSE　OF　LEGISLATIVE　POWER　BY　MAN　IN　THE
  OPPRESSION　OF　WOMEN。
  In　some　countries　of　Europe　much　of　wrong　is　still　done　to　woman；
  at　the　present　day；　by　old　laws　owing　their　existence　to　a　past　state
  of　things；　and　which　have　not　yet　been　repealed　or　modified　to　suit
  existing　circumstances。　But　we　are　writing　now　to　American　women；
  and；　instead　of　the　evils　existing　in　the　other　hemisphere；　we　are
  looking　at　a　very　different　state　of　society。　Let　us　confine　ourselves；
  therefore；　to　the　subject　as　it　affects　ourselves。
  To　go　into　all　the　details　which　might　be　drawn　together　from　the
  statute　books　of　the　different　States　of　the　Union　bearing　on　this
  point；　and　to　do　them　full　justice；　would　require　volumes。　Such　a
  course　is　not　necessary。　The　question　can　be　decided　with　truth　and
  justice　on　general　principleson　generally　admitted　facts。　We　admit；
  then；　that　in　some　Statesperhaps　in　allthere　may　be　laws　in
  which　the　natural　and　acquired　rights　of　woman　have　not　been　fairly
  considered；　that　in　some　cases　she　has　needed　more　legal　protection
  and　more　privileges　than　she　has　yet　received。　But　while　this
  admission　is　made；　attention　is　at　the　same　time　demanded　for　a
  fact　inseparably　connected　with　it；　namely；　the　marked　and　generous
  liberality　which　American　men　have　thus　far　shown　in　the　considerate
  care　and　protection　they　have；　as　a　general　rule；　given　to　the
  interests　of　women。　In　no　country；　whether　of　ancient　or　modern
  times；　have　women　had　less　to　complain　of　in　their　treatment　by
  man　than　in　America。　This　is　no　rhetorical　declamation；　it　is　the
  simple　statement　of　an　undeniable　fact。　It　is　a　matter　of　social
  history。　Since　the　days　of　early　colonial　life　to　the　present　houror；
  in　other　words；　during　the　last　two　hundred　and　fifty　yearssuch　has
  been　the　general　course　of　things　in　this　country。　The　hardest　tasks
  have　been　taken　by　man；　and　a　generous　tenderness　has　been
  shown　to　women　in　many　of　the　details　of　social　life；　pervading　all
  classes　of　society；　to　a　degree　beyond　what　is　customary　even　in　the
  most　civilized　countries　of　Europe。　Taking　these　two　facts　together
  that　certain　abuses　still　exist；　that　certain　laws　and　regulations　need
  changing　and　that；　as　a　general　rule；　American　women　have　thus　far
  been　treated　by　their　countrymen　with　especial　consideration；　in　a
  legal　and　in　a　social　sensethe　inference　becomes　perfectly　plain。　A
  formidable　and　very　dangerous　social　revolution　is　not　needed　to
  correct　remaining　abuses。　Any　revolution　aiming　at　upsetting　the
  existing　relations　of　the　sexesrelations　going　back　to　the　earliest
  records　and　traditions　of　the　racecan　not　be　called　less　than
  formidable　and　dangerous。　Let　women　make　full　use　of　the
  influences　already　at　their　command；　and　all　really　needed　changes
  may　be　effected　by