第 1 节
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猜火车 更新:2021-02-20 17:38 字数:9321
Flatland
Flatland
by Edwin A。 Abbott 1884
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Flatland
PART 1
THIS WORLD
SECTION 1 Of the Nature of Flatland
I call our world Flatland; not because we call it so; but to make its
nature clearer to you; my happy readers; who are privileged to live in
Space。
Imagine a vast sheet of paper on which straight Lines; Triangles;
Squares; Pentagons; Hexagons; and other figures; instead of remaining
fixed in their places; move freely about; on or in the surface; but without
the power of rising above or sinking below it; very much like shadows
only hard with luminous edgesand you will then have a pretty correct
notion of my country and countrymen。 Alas; a few years ago; I should
have said 〃my universe:〃 but now my mind has been opened to higher
views of things。 In such a country; you will perceive at once that it is
impossible that there should be anything of what you call a 〃solid〃 kind;
but I dare say you will suppose that we could at least distinguish by sight
the Triangles; Squares; and other figures; moving about as I have
described them。 On the contrary; we could see nothing of the kind; not at
least so as to distinguish one figure from another。 Nothing was visible; nor
could be visible; to us; except Straight Lines; and the necessity of this I
will speedily demonstrate。
Place a penny on the middle of one of your tables in Space; and
leaning over it; look down upon it。 It will appear a circle。
But now; drawing back to the edge of the table; gradually lower your
eye (thus bringing yourself more and more into the condition of the
inhabitants of Flatland); and you will find the penny becoming more and
more oval to your view; and at last when you have placed your eye exactly
on the edge of the table (so that you are; as it were; actually a Flatlander)
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Flatland
the penny will then have ceased to appear oval at all; and will have
become; so far as you can see; a straight line。
The same thing would happen if you were to treat in the same way a
Triangle; or a Square; or any other figure cut out from pasteboard。 As soon
as you look at it with your eye on the edge of the table; you will find that it
ceases to appear to you as a figure; and that it becomes in appearance a
straight line。 Take for example an equilateral Trianglewho represents
with us a Tradesman of the respectable class。 Figure 1 represents the
Tradesman as you would see him while you were bending over him from
above; figures 2 and 3 represent the Tradesman; as you would see him if
your eye were close to the level; or all but on the level of the table; and if
your eye were quite on the level of the table (and that is how we see him
in Flatland) you would see nothing but a straight line。
When I was in Spaceland I heard that your sailors have very similar
experiences while they traverse your seas and discern some distant island
or coast lying on the horizon。 The far…off land may have bays; forelands;
angles in and out to any number and extent; yet at a distance you see none
of these (unless indeed your sun shines bright upon them revealing the
projections and retirements by means of light and shade); nothing but a
grey unbroken line upon the water。
Well; that is just what we see when one of our triangular or other
acquaintances comes towards us in Flatland。 As there is neither sun with
us; nor any light of such a kind as to make shadows; we have none of the
helps to the sight that you have in Spaceland。 If our friend comes closer to
us we see his line becomes larger; if he leaves us it becomes smaller; but
still he looks like a straight line; be he a Triangle; Square; Pentagon;
Hexagon; Circle; what you will a straight Line he looks and nothing else。
You may perhaps ask how under these disadvantagous circumstances
we are able to distinguish our friends from one another: but the answer to
this very natural question will be more fitly and easily given when I come
to describe the inhabitants of Flatland。 For the present let me defer this
subject; and say a word or two about the climate and houses in our
country。
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Flatland
SECTION 2 Of the Climate and Houses in
Flatland
As with you; so also with us; there are four points of the compass
North; South; East; and West。
There being no sun nor other heavenly bodies; it is impossible for us to
determine the North in the usual way; but we have a method of our own。
By a Law of Nature with us; there is a constant attraction to the South; and;
although in temperate climates this is very slight so that even a Woman
in reasonable health can journey several furlongs northward without much
difficulty yet the hampering effort of the southward attraction is quite
sufficient to serve as a compass in most parts of our earth。 Moreover; the
rain (which falls at stated intervals) coming always from the North; is an
additional assistance; and in the towns we have the guidance of the houses;
which of course have their side…walls running for the most part North and
South; so that the roofs may keep off the rain from the North。 In the
country; where there are no houses; the trunks of the trees serve as some
sort of guide。 Altogether; we have not so much difficulty as might be
expected in determining our bearings。
Yet in our more temperate regions; in which the southward attraction is
hardly felt; walking sometimes in a perfectly desolate plain where there
have been no houses nor trees to guide me; I have been occasionally
compelled to remain stationary for hours together; waiting till the rain
came before continuing my journey。 On the weak and aged; and especially
on delicate Females; the force of attraction tells much more heavily than
on the robust of the Male Sex; so that it is a point of breeding; if you meet
a Lady on the street; always to give her the North side of the wayby no
means an easy thing to do always at short notice when you are in rude
health and in a climate where it is difficult to tell your North from your
South。
Windows there are none in our houses: for the light comes to us alike
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Flatland
in our homes and out of them; by day and by night; equally at all times and
in all places; whence we know not。 It was in old days; with our learned
men; an interesting and oft…investigate question; 〃What is the origin of
light?〃 and the solution of it has been repeatedly attempted; with no other
result than to crowd our lunatic asylums with the would…be solvers。 Hence;
after fruitless attempts to suppress such investigations indirectly by
making them liable to a heavy tax; the Legislature; in comparatively recent
times; absolutely prohibited them。 Ialas; I alone in Flatlandknow now
only too well the true solution of this mysterious problem; but my
knowledge cannot be made intelligible to a single one of my countrymen;
and I am mocked at I; the sole possessor of the truths of Space and of the
theory of the introduction of Light from the world of three Dimensionsas
if I were the maddest of the mad! But a truce to these painful digressions:
let me return to our homes。
The most common form for the construction of a house is five…sided or
pentagonal; as in the annexed figure。 The two Northern sides RO; OF;
constitute the roof; and for the most part have no doors; on the East is a
small door for the Women; on the West a much larger one for the Men; the
South side or