the　mule…bell。
  It　has　a　most　picturesque　effect　also　to　meet　a　train　of　muleteers
  in　some　mountain…pass。　First　you　hear　the　bells　of　the　leading
  mules；　breaking　with　their　simple　melody　the　stillness　of　the　airy
  height；　or；　perhaps；　the　voice　of　the　muleteer　admonishing　some
  tardy　or　wandering　animal；　or　chanting；　at　the　full　stretch　of　his
  lungs；　some　traditionary　ballad。　At　length　you　see　the　mules　slowly
  winding　along　the　cragged　defile；　sometimes　descending　precipitous
  cliffs；　so　as　to　present　themselves　in　full　relief　against　the　sky；
  sometimes　toiling　up　the　deep　arid　chasms　below　you。　As　they　approach；
  you　descry　their　gay　decorations　of　worsted　stuffs；　tassels；　and
  saddle…cloths；　while；　as　they　pass　by；　the　ever…ready　trabuco；　slung
  behind　the　packs　and　saddles；　gives　a　hint　of　the　insecurity　of　the
  road。
  The　ancient　kingdom　of　Granada；　into　which　we*　were　about　to
  penetrate；　is　one　of　the　most　mountainous　regions　of　Spain。　Vast
  sierras；　or　chains　of　mountains；　destitute　of　shrub　or　tree；　and
  mottled　with　variegated　marbles　and　granites；　elevate　their　sunburnt
  summits　against　a　deep…blue　sky；　yet　in　their　rugged　bosoms　lie
  ingulfed　verdant　and　fertile　valleys；　where　the　desert　and　the
  garden　strive　for　mastery；　and　the　very　rock　is；　as　it　were；　compelled
  to　yield　the　fig；　the　orange；　and　the　citron；　and　to　blossom　with
  the　myrtle　and　the　rose。
  *　Note　to　the　Revised　Edition。…　The　Author　feels　at　liberty　to
  mention　that　his　travelling　companion　was　the　Prince　Dolgorouki；　at
  present　Russian　minister　at　the　Court　of　Persia。
  In　the　wild　passes　of　these　mountains　the　sight　of　walled　towns
  and　villages；　built　like　eagles'　nests　among　the　cliffs；　and
  surrounded　by　Moorish　battlements；　or　of　ruined　watchtowers　perched　on
  lofty　peaks；　carries　the　mind　back　to　the　chivalric　days　of
  Christian　and　Moslem　warfare；　and　to　the　romantic　struggle　for　the
  conquest　of　Granada。　In　traversing　these　lofty　sierras　the　traveller
  is　often　obliged　to　alight；　and　lead　his　horse　up　and　down　the　steep
  and　jagged　ascents　and　descents；　resembling　the　broken　steps　of　a
  staircase。
  Sometimes　the　road　winds　along　dizzy　precipices；　without　parapet
  to　guard　him　from　the　gulfs　below；　and　then　will　plunge　down　steep；
  and　dark；　and　dangerous　declivities。　Sometimes　it　struggles　through
  rugged　barrancos；　or　ravines；　worn　by　winter　torrents；　the　obscure
  path　of　the　contrabandista；　while；　ever　and　anon；　the　ominous　cross；
  the　monument　of　robbery　and　murder；　erected　on　a　mound　of　stones　at
  some　lonely　part　of　the　road；　admonishes　the　traveller　that　he　is
  among　the　haunts　of　banditti；　perhaps　at　that　very　moment　under　the
  eye　of　some　lurking　bandolero。　Sometimes；　in　winding　through　the
  narrow　valleys；　he　is　startled　by　a　hoarse　bellowing；　and　beholds
  above　him　on　some　green　fold　of　the　mountain　a　herd　of　fierce
  Andalusian　bulls；　destined　for　the　combat　of　the　arena。　I　have　felt；
  if　I　may　so　express　it；　an　agreeable　horror　in　thus　contemplating；
  near　at　hand；　these　terrific　animals；　clothed　with　tremendous
  strength；　and　ranging　their　native　pastures　in　untamed　wildness；
  strangers　almost　to　the　face　of　man：　they　know　no　one　but　the　solitary
  herdsman　who　attends　upon　them；　and　even　he　at　times　dares　not　venture
  to　approach　them。　The　low　bellowing　of　these　bulls；　and　their　menacing
  aspect　as　they　look　down　from　their　rocky　height；　give　additional
  wildness　to　the　savage　scenery。
  I　have　been　betrayed　unconsciously　into　a　longer　disquisition　than　I
  intended　on　the　general　features　of　Spanish　travelling；　but　there　is　a
  romance　about　all　the　recollections　of　the　Peninsula　dear　to　the
  imagination。
  As　our　proposed　route　to　Granada　lay　through　mountainous　regions；
  where　the　roads　are　little　better　than　mule　paths；　and　said　to　be
  frequently　beset　by　robbers；　we　took　due　travelling　precautions。
  Forwarding　the　most　valuable　part　of　our　luggage　a　day　or　two　in
  advance　by　the　arrieros；　we　retained　merely　clothing　and　necessaries
  for　the　journey　and　money　for　the　expenses　of　the　road；　with　a
  little　surplus　of　hard　dollars　by　way　of　robber　purse；　to　satisfy
  the　gentlemen　of　the　road　should　we　be　assailed。　Unlucky　is　the　too
  wary　traveller　who；　having　grudged　this　precaution；　falls　into　their
  clutches　empty　handed：　they　are　apt　to　give　him　a　sound　ribroasting
  for　cheating　them　out　of　their　dues。　〃Caballeros　like　them　cannot
  afford　to　scour　the　roads　and　risk　the　gallows　for　nothing。〃
  A　couple　of　stout　steeds　were　provided　for　our　own　mounting；　and　a
  third　for　our　scanty　luggage　and　the　conveyance　of　a　sturdy　Biscayan
  lad；　about　twenty　years　of　age；　who　was　to　be　our　guide；　our　groom；
  our　valet；　and　at　all　times　our　guard。　For　the　latter　office　he　was
  provided　with　a　formidable　trabuco　or　carbine；　with　which　he
  promised　to　defend　us　against　rateros　or　solitary　footpads；　but　as
  to　powerful　bands；　like　that　of　the　〃sons　of　Ecija；〃　he　confessed　they
  were　quite　beyond　his　prowess。　He　made　much　vainglorious　boast　about
  his　weapon　at　the　outset　of　the　journey；　though；　to　the　discredit　of
  his　generalship；　it　was　suffered　to　hang　unloaded　behind　his　saddle。
  According　to　our　stipulations；　the　man　from　whom　we　hired　the　horses
  was　to　be　at　the　expense　of　their　feed　and　stabling　on　the　journey；　as
  well　as　of　the　maintenance　of　our　Biscayan　squire；　who　of　course　was
  provided　with　funds　for　the　purpose；　we　took　care；　however；　to　give
  the　latter　a　private　hint；　that；　though　we　made　a　close　bargain　with
  his　master；　it　was　all　in　his　favor；　as；　if　he　proved　a　good　man　and
  true；　both　he　and　the　horses　should　live　at　our　cost；　and　the　money
  provided　for　their　maintenance　remain　in　his　pocket。　This　unexpected
  largess；　with　the　occasional　present　of　a　cigar；　won　his　heart
  completely。　He　was；　in　truth；　a　faithful；　cheery；　kind…hearted
  creature；　as　full　of　saws　and　proverbs　as　that　miracle　of　squires；　the
  renowned　Sancho　himself；　whose　name；　by　the　by；　we　bestowed　upon
  him；　and　like　a　true　Spaniard；　though　treated　by　us　with　companionable
  familiarity；　he　never　for　a　moment；　in　his　utmost　hilarity；
  overstepped　the　bounds　of　respectful　decorum。
  Such　were　our　minor　preparations　for　the　journey；　but　above　all　we
  laid　in　an　ample　stock　of　good　humor；　and　a　genuine　disposition　to
  be　pleased；　determining　to　travel　in　true　contrabandista　style；　taking
  things　as　we　found　them；　rough　or　smooth；　and　mingling　with　all
  classes　and　conditions　in　a　kind　of　vagabond　companionship。　It　is
  the　true　way　to　travel　in　Spain。　With　such　disposition　and
  determination；　what　a　country　is　it　for　a　traveller；　where　the　most
  miserable　inn　is　as　full　of　adventure　as　an　enchanted　castle；　and
  every　meal　is　in　itself　an　achievement！　Let　others　repine　at　the
  lack　of　turnpike　roads　and　sumptuous　hotels；　and　all　the　elaborate
  comforts　of　a　country　cultivated　and　civilized　into　tameness　and
  commonplace；　but　give　me　the　rude　mountain　scramble；　the　roving；
  haphazard；　wayfaring；　the　half　wild；　yet　frank　and　hospitable　manners；
  which　impart　such　a　true　game　flavor　to　dear　old　romantic　Spain！
  Thus　equipped　and　attended；　we　cantered　out　of　〃Fair　Seville　city〃
  at　half…past　six　in　the　morning　of　a　bright　May　day；　in　company　with　a
  lady　and　gentleman　of　our　acquaintance；　who　rode　a　few　miles　with
  us；　in　the　Spanish　mode　of　taking　leave。　Our　route　lay　through　old
  Alcala　de　Guadaira　（Alcala　on　the　river　Aira）；　the　benefactress　of
  Seville；　that　supplies　it　with　bread　and　water。　Here　live　the　bakers
  who　furnish　Seville　with　that　delicious　bread　for　which　it　is
  renowned；　here　are　fabricated　those　roscas　well　known　by　the
  well…merited　appellation　of　pan　de　Dios　（bread　of　God）；　with　which；　by
  the　way；　we　ordered　our　man；　Sancho；　to　stock　his　alforjas　for　the
  journey。　Well　has　this　beneficent　little　city　been　denominated　the
  〃Oven　of　Seville〃；　well　has　it　been　called　Alcala　de　los　Panaderos
  （Alcala　of　the　bakers）；　for　a　great　part　of　its　inhabitants　are　of
  that　handicraft；　and　the　highway　hence　to　Seville　is　constantly
  traversed　by　lines　of　mules　and　donkeys　laden　with　great　panniers　of
  loaves　and　roscas。
  I　have　said　Alcala　supplies　Seville　with　water。　Here　are　great　tanks
  or　reservoirs；　of　Roman　and　Moorish　construction；　whence　water　is
  conveyed　to　Seville　by　noble　aqueducts。　The　springs　of　Alcala　are
  almost　as　much　vaunted　as　its　ovens；　and　to　the　lightness；
  sweetness；　and　purity　of　its　water　is　attributed　in　some　measure　the
  delicacy　of　its　bread。
  Here　we　halted　for　a　time；　at　the　ruins　of　the　old　Moorish　castle；　a
  favorite　resort　for　picnic　parties　from　Seville；　where　we　had　passed
  many　a　pleasant　hour。　The　walls　are　of　great　extent；　pierced　with
  loopholes；　inclosing　a　huge　square　tower　or　keep；　with　the　remains
  of　masmoras；　or　subterranean　granaries。　The　Guadaira　winds　its
  stream　round　the　hill；　at　the　foot　of　these　ruins；　whimpering　among
  reeds；　rushes；　and　pond…lilies；　and　overhung　with　rhododendron；
  eglantine；　yellow　myr