stage　drivers。　All　travelers　in　America；　though　differing　on　almost　every　other　subject；　invariably　praise　the　ability　of　these　sturdy；　weather…beaten　American　drivers；　their　kindness　to　their　horses；　and　their　attention　to　their　passengers。　Harriet　Martineau　stated　that；　in　her　experience；　American　drivers　as　a　class　were　marked　by　the　merciful　temper　which　accompanies　genius；　and　their　perfection　in　their　art；　their　fertility　of　resource；　and　the　gentleness　with　which　they　treated　female　fears　and　fretfulness；　were　exemplary。
  In　the　City　of　Brotherly　Love　Baily　notes　the　geniality　of　the　people；　who　by　many　travelers　are　called　aristocratic；　and　comments　on　Quaker　opposition　to　the　theater　and　the　inconsequence　of　the　Peale　Museum；　which　travelers　a　generation　later　highly　praise。　Proceeding　to　New　York　at　a　cost　of　six　dollars；　he　is　struck　by　the　uncouthness　of　the　public　buildings；　churches　excepted；　the　widespread　passion　for　music；　dancing；　and　the　theater；　the　craze　for　sleighing；　and　the　promise　which　the　harbor　gave　of　becoming　the　finest　in　America。　Not　a　few　travelers　in　this　early　period　gave　expression　to　their　belief　in　the　future　greatness　of　New　York　City。　These　prophecies；　taken　in　connection　with　the　investment　of　eight　millions　of　dollars　which　New　Yorkers　made　in　toll…roads　in　the　first　seven　years　of　this　new　century；　incline　one　to　believe　that　the　influence　of　the　Erie　Canal　as　a　factor　in　the　development　of　the　city　may　have　been　unduly　emphasized；　great　though　it　was。
  》From　New　York　Baily　returned　to　Baltimore　and　went　on　to　Washington。　The　records　of　all　travelers　to　the　site　of　the　new　national　capital　give　much　the　same　picture　of　the　countryside。　It　was　a　land　worn　out　by　tobacco　culture　and　variously　described　as　〃dried　up；〃　〃run　down；〃　and　〃hung　out　to　dry。〃　Even　George　Washington；　at　Mount　Vernon；　was　giving　up　tobacco　culture　and　was　attempting　new　crops　by　a　system　of　rotation。　Cotton　was　being　grown　in　Maryland；　but　little　care　was　given　to　its　culture　and　manufacture。　Tobacco　was　graded　in　Virginia　in　accordance　with　the　rigidity　of　its　inspection　at　Hanover　Court　House；　Pittsburgh；　Richmond；　and　Cabin…Point：　leaf　worth　sixteen　shillings　at　Richmond　was　worth　twenty…one　at　Hanover　Court　House；　if　it　was　refused　at　all　places；　it　was　smuggled　to　the　West　Indies　or　consumed　in　the　country。　Meadows　were　rapidly　taking　the　place　of　tobacco…fields；　for　the　planters　preferred　to　clear　new　land　rather　than　to　enrich　the　old。
  At　Washington　Baily　found　that　lots　to　the　value　of　278；000　had　been　sold；　although　only　one…half　of　the　proposed　city　had　been　〃cleared。〃　It　was　to　be　forty　years　ere　travelers　could　speak　respectfully　of　what　is　now　the　beautiful　city　of　Washington。　In　these　earlier　days；　the　streets　were　mudholes　divided　by　vacant　fields　and　〃beautified　by　trees；　swamps；　and　cows。〃
  Departing　for　the　West　by　way　of　Frederick；　Baily；　like　all　travelers；　was　intensely　interested　upon　entering　the　rich　limestone　region　which　stretched　from　Pennsylvania　far　down　into　Virginia。　It　was　occupied　in　part　by　the　Pennsylvania　Dutch　and　was　so　famous　for　its　rich　milk　that　it　was　called　by　many　travelers　the　〃Bonnyclabber　Country。〃　Most　Englishmen　were　delighted　with　this　region　because　they　found　here　the　good　old　English　breed　of　horses；　that　is；　the　English　hunter　developed　into　a　stout　coach…horse。　Of　native　breeds；　Baily　found　animals　of　all　degrees　of　strength　and　size　down　to　hackneys　of　fourteen　hands；　as　well　as　the　〃vile　dog…horses；〃　or　packhorses；　whose　faithful　service　to　the　frontier　could　in　no　wise　be　appreciated　by　a　foreigner。
  This　region　of　Pennsylvania　was　as　noted　for　its　wagons　as　for　its　horses。　It　was　this　wheat…bearing　belt　that　made　the　common　freight…wagon　in　its　colors　of　red　and　blue　a　national　institution。　It　was　in　this　region　of　rich；　well…watered　land　that　the　maple　tree　gained　its　reputation。　Men　even　prophesied　that　its　delightful　sap　would　prove　a　cure　for　slavery；　for；　if　one　family　could　make　fifteen　hundred　pounds　of　maple　sugar　in　a　season；　eighty　thousand　families　could；　at　the　same　rate；　equal　the　output　of　cane　sugar　each　year　from　Santo　Domingo！
  The　traveler　at　the　beginning　of　the　century　noticed　a　change　in　the　temper　of　the　people　as　well　as　a　change　in　the　soil　when　the　Bonnyclabber　Country　was　reached。　The　time…serving　attitude　of　the　good　people　of　the　East　now　gave　place　to　a　〃consciousness　of　independence〃　due；　Baily　remarks；　to　the　fact　that　each　man　was　self…sufficient　and　passed　his　life　〃without　regard　to　the　smiles　and　frowns　of　men　in　power。〃　This　spirit　was　handsomely　illustrated　in　the　case　of　one　burly　Westerner　who　was　〃churched〃　for　fighting。　Showing　a　surly　attitude　to　the　deacon…judges　who　sat　on　his　case；　he　was　threatened　with　civil　prosecution　and　imprisonment。　〃I　don't　want　freedom；〃　he　is　said　to　have　replied；　bitterly；　〃I　don't　even　want　to　live　if　I　can't　knock　down　a　man　who　calls　me　a　liar。〃
  Pushing　on　westward　by　way　of　historic　Sideling　Hill　and　Bedford　to　Statlers；　Baily　found　here　a　prosperous　millstone　quarry；　which　sold　its　stones　at　from　fifteen　to　thirty　dollars　a　pair。　Twelve　years　earlier　Washington　had　prophesied　that　the　Alleghanies　would　soon　be　furnishing　millstones　equal　to　the　best　English　burr。　As　he　crossed　the　mountains　Baily　found　that　taverns　charged　the　following　schedule：　breakfast；　eighteen　pence；　dinner　and　supper　from　two　shillings　to　two　shillings　and　sixpence　each。　Traversing　Laurel　Hill；　he　reached　Pittsburgh　just　at　the　time　when　it　was　awakening　to　activity　as　the　trading　center　of　the　West。
  In　order　to　descend　the　Ohio；　Baily　obtained　a　flatboat；　thirty…six　feet　long　and　twelve　feet　broad；　which　drew　eighteen　inches　of　water　and　was　of　ten　tons　burden。　On　the　way　downstream；　Charleston　and　Wheeling　were　the　principal　settlements　which　Baily　first　noted。　Ebenezer　Zane；　the　founder　of　Wheeling；　had　just　opened　across　Ohio　the　famous　landward　route　from　the　Monongahela　country　to　Kentucky；　which　it　entered　at　Limestone；　the　present　Maysville。　This　famous　road；　passing　through　Zanesville；　Lancaster；　and　Chillicothe；　though　at　that　time　safe　only　for　men　in　parties；　was　a　common　route　to　and　from　Kentucky。
  On　such　inland　pathways　as　this；　early　travelers　came　to　take　for　granted　a　hospitality　not　to　be　found　on　more　frequented　thoroughfares。　In　this　hospitality；　roughness　and　good　will；　cleanliness　and　filth；　attempts　to　ape　the　style　of　Eastern　towns　and　habits　of　the　most　primitive　kind；　were　singularly　blended。　In　one　instance；　the　traveler　might　be　cordially　assigned　by　the　landlord　to　a　good　position　in　〃the　first　rush　for　a　chance　at　the　head　of　the　table〃；　at　the　next　stopping　place　he　might　be　coldly　turned　away　because　the　proprietor　〃had　the　gout〃　and　his　wife　the　〃delicate　blue…devils〃；　farther　on；　where　〃soap　was　unknown；　nothing　clean　but　birds；　nothing　industrious　but　pigs；　and　nothing　happy　but　squirrels；〃　Daniel　Boone's　daughter　might　be　seen　in　high…heeled　shoes；　attended　by　white　servants　whose　wages　were　a　dollar　a　week；　skirting　muddy　roads　under　a　ten…dollar　bonnet　and　a　six…dollar　parasol。　Or；　he　might　emerge　from　a　lonely　forest　in　Ohio　or　Indiana　and　come　suddenly　upon　a　party　of　neighbors　at　a　dreary　tavern；　enjoying　a　corn　shucking　or　a　harvest　home。　Immediately　dubbed　〃Doctor；〃　〃Squire；〃　or　〃Colonel〃　by　the　hospitable　merrymakers；　the　passer…by　would　be　informed　that　he　〃should　drink　and　lack　no　good　thing。〃　After　he　had　retired；　as　likely　as　not　his　quarters　would　be　invaded　at　one　or　two　o'clock　in　the　morning　by　the　uproarious　company；　and　the　best　refreshment　of　the　house　would　be　forced　upon　him　with　a　hilarity　〃created　by　omnipotent　whiskey。〃　Sometimes；　however；　the　traveler　would　encounter　pitiful　instances　of　loneliness　in　the　widespreading　forests。　One　man　in　passing　a　certain　isolated　cabin　was　implored　by　the　woman　who　inhabited　it　to　rest　awhile　and　talk；　since　she　was；　she　confessed；　completely　overwhelmed　by　〃the　lone！〃
  Every　traveler　has　remarked　upon　the　yellow　pallor　of　the　first　inhabitants　of　the　western　forests　and　doubtless　correctly　attributed　this　sickly　appearance　to　the　effects　of　malaria　and　miasma。　The　psychic　influences　of　the　forest　wilderness　also　weighed　heavily　upon　the　spirits　of　the　settlers；　although；　as　Baily　notes；　it　was　the　newcomers　who　felt　the　depression　to　an　exaggerated　degree。　As　he　says：
  〃It　is　a　feeling　of　confinement；　which　begins　to　damp　the　spirits；　from　this　complete　exclusion　of　distant　objects。　To　travel　day　after　day；　among　trees　of　a　hundred　feet　high；　is　oppressive　to　a　degree　which　those　cannot　conceive　who　have　not　experienced　it；　and　it　must　depress　the　spirits　of　the　solitary　settler　to　pass　years　in　this　state。　His　visible　horizon　extends　no　farther　than　the　tops　of　the　trees　which　bound　his　plantation…　…perhaps　five　hundred　yards。　Upwards　he　sees　the　sun；　and　sky；　and　stars；　but　around　him　an　eternal　forest；　from　which　he　can　never　hope　to　emerge：…not　so　in　a　thickly　settled　district；　he　cannot　there　enjoy　any　freedom　of　prospect；　yet　there　is　variety；　and　some　scope　for　the　imprisoned　vision。　In　a　hilly　country　a　little　more　range　of　view　may　occasionally　be　obtained；　and　a　river　is　a　stream　o