hey　looked　upon　him　with　suspicion　as　one　sent　to　worm　out　of　them　the　secret　of　the　murder　recently　committed。　　He　was　consequently　treated　with　coldness；　and　worse　than　that。　　On　one　occasion　the　outline　of　his　grave　was　cut　out　of　the　pasture　near　his　dwelling；　and　he　carried　his　life　in　his　hand。　　After　a　time；　however；　he　won　the　confidence　of　these　men；　rendered　savage　as　they　had　been　by　ill…treatment。
  〃The　farm　was　let　by　Mr。　Vandeleur　at　a　fixed　rent；　to　be　paid　in　fixed　quantities　of　farm　produce；　which；　at　the　prices　ruling　in　1830…31；　would　bring　in　#900；　which　included　interest　on　buildings；　machinery；　and　live　stock　provided　by　Mr。　Vandeleur。　　The　rent　alone　was　#700。　As　the　farm　consisted　of　618　acres；　only　268　of　which　were　under　tillage；　this　rent　was　a　very　high　onea　fact　which　was　acknowledged　by　the　landlord。　　All　profits　after　payment　of　rent　and　interest　belonged　to　the　members；　divisible　at　the　end　of　the　year　if　desired。　They　started　a　co…operative　store　to　supply　themselves　with　food　and　clothing；　and　the　estate　was　managed　by　a　committee　of　the　members；　who　paid　every　male　and　female　member　wages　for　their　labour　in　labour　notes　which　were　exchangeable　at　the　store　for　goods　or　cash。　Intoxicating　drink　or　tobacco　were　prohibited。　　The　committee　each　day　allotted　each　man　his　duties。　　The　members　worked　the　land　partly　as　kitchen　garden　and　fruit　orchards；　and　partly　as　dairy　farm；　stall　feeding　being　encouraged　and　root　crops　grown　for　the　cattle。　　Pigs；　poultry；　&c。；　were　reared。　　Wages　at　the　time　were　only　8d　per　day　for　men　and　5d。　for　women；　and　the　members　were　paid　at　these　rates。　Yet；　as　they　lived　chiefly　on　potatoes　and　milk　produced　on　the　farm；　which；　as　well　as　mutton　and　pork；　were　sold　to　them　at　extremely　low　prices；　they　saved　money　or　rather　notes。　　Their　health　and　appearance　quickly　improved；　so　much　so　that；　with　disease　raging　round　them；　there　was　no　case　of　death　or　serious　illness　among　them　while　the　experiment　lasted。　　The　single　men　lived　together　in　a　large　building；　and　the　families　in　cottages。　　Assisted　by　Mrs。　Craig；　the　secretary　carried　out　the　most　enlightened　system　of　education　for　the　young；　those　old　enough　being　alternately　employed　on　the　farm　and　in　the　school。　　Sanitary　arrangements　were　in　a　high　state　of　perfection；　and　physical　and　moral　training　were　most　carefully　attended　to。　　In　respect　of　these　and　other　social　arrangements；　Mr。　Craig　was　a　man　much　before　his　time；　and　he　has　since　made　himself　a　name　in　connection　with　their　application　in　various　parts　of　the　country。
  〃The　'New　System；'　as　the　Ralahine　experiment　was　called；　though　at　first　regarded　with　suspicion　and　derision；　quickly　gained　favour　in　the　district；　so　that　before　long　outsiders　were　extremely　anxious　to　become　members　of　the　association。　　In　January；　1832；　the　community　consisted　of　fifty　adults　and　seventeen　children。　　The　total　number　afterwards　increased　to　eighty…one。　　Everything　was　prosperous；　and　the　members　of　the　association　were　not　only　benefitted　themselves；　but　their　improvement　exercised　a　beneficent　influence　upon　the　people　in　their　neighbourhood。　　It　was　hoped　that　other　landlords　would　imitate　the　excellent　example　of　Mr。　Vandeleur；　especially　as　his　experiment　was　one　profitable　to　himself；　as　well　as　calculated　to　produce　peace　and　contentment　in　disturbed　Ireland。　　Just　when　these　hopes　were　raised　to　their　highest　degree　of　expectancy；　the　happy　community　at　Ralahine　was　broken　up　through　the　ruin　and　flight　of　Mr。　Vandeleur；　who　had　lost　his　property　by　gambling。　　Everything　was　sold　off；　and　the　labour　notes　saved　by　the　members　would　have　been　worthless　had　not　Mr。　Craig；　with　noble　self…sacrifice；　redeemed　them　out　of　his　own　pocket。
  〃We　have　given　but　a　very　scanty　description　of　the　system　pursued　at　Ralahine。　　The　arrangements　were　in　most　respects　admirable；　and　reflected　the　greatest　credit　upon　Mr。　Craig　as　an　organiser　and　administrator。　　To　his　wisdom；　energy；　tact；　and　forbearance　the　success　of　his　experiment　was　in　great　measure　due；　and　it　is　greatly　to　be　regretted　that　he　was　not　in　a　position　to　repeat　the　attempt　under　more　favourable　circumstances。〃　　（〃History　of　a　Co…operative　Farm。〃）
  CARLYLE　ON　THE　SOCIAL　OBLIGATIONS　OF　THE　NATION
  FORTY…FIVE　YEARS　AGO。　　Inserted　at　the　earnest　request　of　a　friend；　who　was　struck　by　the　coincidence　of　some　ideas；　similar　to　those　of　this　volume；　set　forth　so　long　ago；　but　as　yet　remaining　unrealised；　and　which　I　had　never　read。
  EXTRACTS　FROM　〃PAST　AND　PRESENT。〃
  〃A　Prime　Minister；　even　here　in　England；　who　shall　dare　believe　the　heavenly　omens；　and　address　himself　like　a　man　and　hero　to　the　great　dumb…struggling　heart　of　England；　and　speak　out　for　it；　and　act　out　for　it；　the　God's…justice　it　is　writhing　to　get　uttered　and　perishing　for　want　ofyes；　he　too　will　see　awaken　round　him；　in　passionate；　burning；　all…defiant　loyalty；　the　heart　of　England；　and　such　a　'support'　as　no　Division…List　or　Parliamentary　Majority　was　ever　yet　known　to　yield　a　man！　　Here　as　there；　now　as　then；　he　who　can　and　dare　trust　the　heavenly　Immensities；　all　earthly　Localities　are　subject　to　him。　　We　will　pray　for　such　a　man　and　First…Lord；yes；　and　far　better；　we　will　strive　and　incessantly　make　ready；　each　of　us；　to　be　worthy　to　serve　and　second　such　a　First…Lord！　　We　shall　then　be　as　good　as　sure　of　his　arriving；　sure　of　many　things；　let　him　arrive　or　not。
  〃Who　can　despair　of　Governments　that　passes　a　Soldier's　Guard…house；　or　meets　a　red…coated　man　on　the　streets？　　That　a　body　of　men　could　be　got　together　to　kill　other　men　when　you　bade　them：　　this；　a　priori；　does　it　not　seem　one　of　the　impossiblest　things？　　Yet　look；　behold　it：　　in　the　stolidest　of　Do…nothing　Governments；　that　impossibility　is　a　thing　done。〃（Carlyle；　〃Past　and　Present；〃　page　223。）
  〃Strange；　interesting；　and　yet　most　mournful　to　reflect　on。　　Was　this；　then；　of　all　the　things　mankind　had　some　talent　for；　the　one　thing　important　to　learn　well；　and　bring　to　perfection；　this　of　successfully　killing　one　another？　　Truly；　you　have　learned　it　well；　and　carried　the　business　to　a　high　perfection。　　It　is　incalculable　what；　by　arranging；　commanding；　and　regimenting　you　can　make　of　men。　　These　thousand　straight…standing；　firm…set　individuals；　who　shoulder　arms；　who　march；　wheel；　advance；　retreat；　and　are；　for　your　behoof　a　magazine　charged　with　fiery　death；　in　the　most　perfect　condition　of　potential　activity。　Few　months　ago；　till　the　persuasive　sergeant　came；　what　were　they？　Multiform　ragged　losels；　runaway　apprentices；　starved　weavers　thievish　valets；　an　entirely　broken　population；　fast　tending　towards　the　treadmill。　　But　the　persuasive　sergeant　came；　by　tap　of　drum　enlisted；　or　formed　lists　of　them；　took　heartily　to　drilling　them；　and　he　and　you　have　made　them　this！　　Most　potent　effectual　for　all　work　whatsoever；　is　wise　planning；　firm；　combining；　and　commanding　among　men。　　Let　no　man　despair　of　Governments　who　looks　on　these　two　sentries　at　the　Horse　Guards　and　our　United　Service　clubs。　　I　could　conceive　an　Emigration　Service；　a　Teaching　Service；　considerable　varieties　of　United　and　Separate　Services；　of　the　due　thousands　strong；　all　effective　as　this　Fighting　Service　is；　all　doing　their　work　like　itwhich　work；　much　more　than　fighting；　is　henceforth　the　necessity　of　these　new　ages　we　are　got　into！　　Much　lies　among　us；　convulsively；　nigh　desperately；　struggling　to　be　born。〃（〃Past　and　Present；〃　page　224。）
  〃It　was　well；　all　this；　we　know；　and　yet　it　was　not　well。　Forty　soldiers；　I　am　told；　will　disperse　the　largest　Spitalfields　mob；　forty　to　ten　thousand；　that　is　the　proportion　between　drilled　and　undrilled。　　Much　there　is　which　cannot　yet　be　organised　in　this　world；　but　somewhat　also　which　cansomewhat　also　which　must。　　When　one　thinks；　for　example；　what　books　are　become　and　becoming　for　us；　what　operative　Lancashires　are　become；　what　a　Fourth　Estate　and　innumerable　virtualities　not　yet　got　to　be　actualities　are　become　and　becoming；　one　sees　organisms　enough　in　the　dim　huge　future；　and　'United　Services'　quite　other　than　the　redcoat　one；　and　much；　even　in　these　years；　struggling　to　be　born！〃（〃Past　and　Present；〃　page　226。）
  〃An　effective　'Teaching　Service；'　I　do　consider　that　there　must　be；　some　education　secretary；　captain…general　of　teachers；　who　will　actually　contrive　to　get　us　taught。　　Then　again；　why　should　there　not　be　an　'Emigration　Service；'　and　secretary　with　adjuncts；　with　funds；　forces；　idle　navy　ships；　and　ever…increasing　apparatus；　in　fine　an　effective　system　of　emigration；　so　that　at　length　before　our　twenty　years　of　respite　ended；　every　honest　willing　workman　who　found　England　too　strait；　and　the　'organisation　of　labour'　not　yet　sufficiently　advanced；　might　find　likewise　a　bridge　built　to　carry　him　into　new　western　lands；　there　to　'organise'　with　more　elbow　room　some　labour　for　himself？　　There　to　be　a　real　blessing；　raising　new　corn　for　us；　purchasing　new　webs　and　hatchets　from　us；　leaving　us　at　least　in　peace；　instead　of　staying　here　to　be　a　physical…force　Chartist；　unblessed　and　no　blessing！　Is　it　not　scandalous　to　consider　that　a　Prime　Minister　could　raise　within　the　year；　as　I　have　seen　it　done；　a　hundred　and　twenty　millions　sterling　t