protect　this　portion　of　territory　from　the　inroads　of　the
  savages。　There　are　now　but　a　few　settlements　throughout　this
  district　of　country；　but　were　it　protected　by　a　power　that　could
  and　would　defend　it；　what　is　now　a　waste　in　the　hands　of　the
  savages　might　become　a　thriving　country；　with　safety　insured　to
  its　inhabitants。〃　Senate　Ex。　Doc。　No。　55；　33rd　Congress；　2nd
  Sess。
  I　quote　the　following　language　of　Gray；　from　subsequent
  explorations　made　by　him；　three　years　after　his　first　expedition；
  and　contained　in　his　report　to　the　Southern　Pacific　Railroad
  Company。　It　was　chiefly　from　the　discoveries　made　by　Gray；　in
  this　adventurous　expedition；　through　regions　unknown　for　many
  years　past；　between　the　Rio　Grande　and　Gulf　of　California；
  together　with　the　Gadsden　Treaty；　that　induced　parties　at　great
  expense　to　emigrate　there；　and　commence　working　the　vast　mineral
  deposites；　such　as　the　Arabac　silver　mines；　the　Ajo　copper
  mountain；　and　others；　but　which；　through　lack　of　proper
  protection　and　means　of　communication；　have　been　greatly　retarded
  in　their　development。
  After　crossing　the　dividing　ridge　of　the　continent　west　of　the
  Rio　Grande；　Gray　thus　alludes　to　the　country：
  〃There　were　large　haciendas　and　fine　cattle　ranches　in　this
  neighborhood；　until　a　war　of　extermination　was　declared　by　the
  Apaches　against　the　Mexicans。　Remains　of　the　old　San　Pedro　ranch
  are　seen　at　this　day；　also　the　〃Tres　Alamos；〃　and　the　ruins　of
  the　hacienda　of　Babacomeri；　whose　walls　and　towers　are　still
  standing。　These　were　among　the　wealthiest　of　Sonora　in　horses；
  cattle；　sheep；　etc。；　but　it　has　been　many　years　since。　It　is　a
  fine　grazing　region；　with　wild　cattle　and　mustangs　constantly
  seen　roaming　over　the　plains。　The　district　from　San　Pedro　to
  Santa　Cruz　valley；　nearly　due　west　from　our　present　crossing
  （latitude　31　degrees　34　minutes）；　will　be　to　the　Pacific　slope
  what　the　region　of　Fort　Chadbourne；　in　Texas；　will　be　to　the
  Atlantic。　The　mountains　and　hills　are　covered　with　splendid
  timber　of　the　largest　size；　and　for　all　purposes；　and　the　valleys
  are　full　of　springs；　and　the　finest　grass。　To　Tubac；　a　town　in
  the　valley　of　Santa　Cruz；　it　is　69　miles。　This　is　by　following
  the　San　Pedro　about　a　league；　passing　over　a　few　insignificant
  spurs；　and　ascending　the　Rio　Babacomeri；　thence　continuing
  westward　by　a　gradual　rise　over　delightful　plains　to　the　divide
  between　that　and　the　Sonoita　or　Clover　creek；　and　along　the
  latter；　until　it　loses　itself　in　the　porous　earth；　a　mile　from
  the　Santa　Cruz　river；　and　by　the　broad　valley　of　that　stream　to
  Tubac。〃
  *　*　*　*　*　*　*　*
  Of　the　line　of　Gray's　exploration　from　the　Rio　San　Pedro；　he
  says：
  〃It　passes　through　the　most　desirable　region；　with　the　hills　and
  mountains　for　forty　miles；　containing　inexhaustible　quantities　of
  timber。　We　noticed　tall　cedar　and　oaks　of　every　description；　one
  kind　more　interesting　than　the　others；　being　a　white　oak　from
  twenty　to　forty　feet　in　the　body。　Pine　and　spruce；　with　superior
  white　ash　and　walnut；　were　found；　and　the　most　gigantic
  cotton…woods；　particularly　on　the　Sonoita。　*　*　*　*　〃The　mountains
  in　the　neighborhood　are　filled　with　minerals；　and　the　precious
  metals　are　said　to　abound。　The　famous　Planchas　de　Plata　and
  Arizona　silver　mines；　which　the　Count　Raouset　de　Boulbon
  attempted　to　take　possession　of；　are　in　this　section　of　country；
  not　many　miles　below　the　present　limits；　and　at　several　of　the
  old　ranchos　and　deserted　mining　villages　which　we　visited；　were
  found　the　argentiferous　galena　ore　and　gold。　The　Sierra　Santa
  Rita　runs　along　to　the　east　of　the　Santa　Cruz　valley；　and　forms　a
  part　of　this　interesting　region。　It　is　very　high　and　bold；　filled
  with　fertile　valleys　and　flowing　rivulets；　and　covered　with　a
  dense　growth　of　timber。　I　saw　much　of　this　district；　when　here　in
  1851；　on　the　survey　of　the　boundry。〃
  *　*　*　*　*　*　*　*
  The　country　bordering　immediately　the　head　of　the　Gulf　of
  California；　through　which　Gray　was　probably　the　first　to
  penetrate；　lies　adjacent　to　the　proposed　Arizona　Territory；　but
  not　a　part　of　the　same；　being　a　portion　of　the　State　of　Sonora。┆He　thus　describes　that　section：
  〃The　Indians　represent　rich　Placers　existing　throughout　this
  region；　and　large　numbers　of　them　had　lately　come　in　with
  considerable　quantities　of　the　dust。　They　were　trading　it　for
  trifles　to　the　Mexicans。　I　got　some　specimens　of　it　which　was　the
  same　as　the　California　Gold。　This　was　not　the　time　of　year　（June）
  for　them　to　work　the　mines；　but　in　the　fall；　after　the　rain　has
  commenced。　The　greatest　drawback　to　the　profitable　working　of　the
  Placers　of　this　district；　is　the　scarcity　of　water。　If　artesian
  wells　succeed；　there　is　little　doubt　that　it　will　create　an
  important　change。　West　from　Tuseon　and　Tubac；　towards　the　Gulf　of
  California；　the　country　presents　more　the　appearance　of　a　barren
  waste　or　desert　than　any　district　I　have　seen。　It　nevertheless
  has　occasional　oases；　with　fine　grazing　lands　about　them；　and　the
  mountains；　which　are　more　broken　and　detached；　have　distinct
  marks　of　volcanic　origin。　The　ranges　though　short；　have　generally
  the　same　parallel　direction　as　those　further　east。　It　is　the
  country　of　the　Papago　Indians；　a　peaceful　and　friendly　tribe；
  extending　down　to　the　Gulf　coast；　where　they　are　mixed　up
  somewhat　with　the　Cocopas　of　the　Colorado。　From　Sonoita　I
  explored　to　the　Gulf　shore；　near　the　mouth　of　Adair　Bay。　It　was
  62　miles；　following　a　dry　arroya　most　of　the　way；　and　the　point
  at　which　I　struck　the　Gulf　was　in　latitude　31　degrees　36　minutes
  34　minutes。　The　〃Bay〃　is　about　15　miles　across；　and　from　all　I
  could　learn；　15　miles　long；　and　represented　as　having　four
  fathoms　of　water。　It　is　completely　encircled　by　a　range　of　sand
  hills；　reaching　north…west　to　the　Colorado　river　and　south…east
  as　far　as　the　eye　could　discover。　These　〃sables〃　are　probably
  eighty　or　ninety　miles　in　extent；　by　five　to　ten
  broad。
  〃Notwithstanding　it　appears　to　be　the　most　desolate　and
  forlorn…looking　spot　for　eighty　miles　around　the　head　of　the
  Gulf；　the　sand　hills　looking　like　a　terrible　desert；　nature　seems
  even　here；　where　no　rain　had　fallen　for　eight　months；　to　have
  provided　for　the　sustenance　of　man；　one　of　the　most　nutritious
  and　palatable　vegetables。
  〃East　of　the　Tinaja　Alta　or　high　tank　range；　lie　the　famous
  Sierras　del　Ajo；　now　United　States　territory。　These　mountains
  derive　their　name　from　the　vast　deposits　of　red　oxide　and　green
  carbonate　of　copper　found　about　them；　and　which　the　Indians　have
  made　use　of　to　paint　（ajo）　themselves　with。　The　mines　are
  unquestionably　of　great　value；　and　must　become　important；　more
  particularly　from　their　being　situated　in　the　neighborhood　of　the
  contemplated　railway。　The　tall　Cereus　Giganteus　and　Agave
  Americana　are　found　in　abundance。　From　the　latter　plant　the
  natives　make　the　pulque；　mezcal　and　agua…diente；　and　the　petahaya
  or　cereus；　produces　a　fruit　from　which　is　made　a　very　pleasant
  preserve。　At　the　Pimo　and　Maricopa　villages　are　found　wheat；
  corn；　tobaco；　and　cotton；　besides　melons；　pumpkins；　beans；　etc。
  The　nature　of　the　soil　for　great　distances　in　the　Gila　valley　is
  of　a　reddish　loam；　some　parts　coated　with　a　beautiful
  crystallization　of　salt；　a　quarter　to　half　an　inch　thick。　This
  seems　to　be　more　particularly　the　case　below　the　Maricopa
  villages　and　toward　the　Rio　Salado。　The　cotton；　of　which　I
  procured　specimens；　though　cultivated　by　the　Indians　in　the　most
  primitive　manner；　exhibited　a　texture　not　unlike　the　celebrated
  Sea　Island　cotton。　Its　fibre　is　exceedingly　soft　and　silky；　but
  not　of　the　longest　staple。　Large　tracts　of　land　on　the　Gila　and
  in　other　portions　of　this　district；　appear　to　possess　the　same
  properties　of　soil；　and　where；　I　have　no　doubt；　the　finest　cotton
  will　soon　be　extensively　raised　and　brought　to　its　highest　state
  of　perfection　by　proper　cultivation。〃
  The　climate　is　thus　referred　to　by　Gray：
  〃One　of　the　most　favorable　features　upon　the　route　in　the
  vicinity　of　the　32nd　degree　proposed　for　the　Pacific　railway　is；
  its　accessibility　at　all　times；　admitting　of　labor　being
  performed　in　the　open　air　at　each　season。　The　nature　of　the
  climate　through　Texas　to　the　Rio　Grande　has　already　been　referred
  to；　and　from　thence　to　the　Santa　Cruz　valley　half　way　to　the
  Colorado；　over　the　elevated　plateau　of　the　Sierra　Madra；　it　is
  equally　salubrious　and　temperate。　The　rainy　season　falls　in　the
  summer　months；　and　but　seldom　is　snow　seen　even　upon　the　mountain
  tops。　Towards　the　Colorado　river　it　is　much　drier　and　more
  torrid；　but　by　no　means　unhealthy；　nor　does　it　prevent　out　door
  work　the　whole　of　the　day　during　the　heated　term　of　summer。
  〃The　great　riches　of　the　country；　however；　are　a　total　waste　at
  the　present　time；　but　which　the　Pacific　railroad　will　at　once
  develop；　and　make　to　itself　the　foundation　of　a　vast　revenue。　I
  refer　to　its　metallic　wealth；　the　silver；　gold；　and　copper　mines
  that　abound　in　almost　every　mountain　and　valley；　between　the　Rio
  Grande　and　the　Gulf　of　California。
  〃The　ores　of　Chihuahua　and　Sonora　＇now　Arizona。　S。　M。＇　are
  chiefly　sulphuret　（lead　or　iron）；　or　native　silver　in　porphyritic
  or　stratified　limestone　rocks　passing　at　greater　depths　into
  igneou