Memoir　of　the　Proposed　Territory　of　Arizona
  by　Sylvester　Mowry
  〃The　NEW　TERRITORY　of　ARIZONA；　better　known　as　the　GADSDEN
  PURCHASE；　lies　between　the　thirty…first　and　thirty…third
  parallels　of　latitude；　and　is　bounded　on　the　north　by　the　Gila
  River；　which　separates　it　from　the　territory　of　New　Mexico；　on
  the　east　by　the　Rio　Bravo　del　Norte；　（Rio　Grande）；　which
  separates　it　from　Texas；　on　the　south　by　Chihuahua　and　Sonora；
  Mexican　provinces；　and　on　the　west　by　the　Colorado　River　of　the
  West；　which　separates　it　from　Upper　and　Lower　California。　This
  great　region　is　six　hundred　miles　long　by　about　fifty　miles　wide；
  and　embraces　an　area　of　about　thirty　thousand　square　miles。　It
  was　acquired　by　purchase　from　Mexico；　during　the　mission　of
  General　Gadsden；　at　a　cost　of　ten　millions　of　dollars。　In　the
  original　treaty；　as　negotiated　by　General　Gadsden；　a　more
  southern　boundary　than　the　one　adopted　by　the　Senate　of　the
  United　States　in　confirming　the　treaty；　was　conceded　by　Santa
  Anna。　The　line　at　present　is　irregular　in　its　course；　and　cuts
  off　from　our　Territory　the　head　of　the　Santa　Cruz　river　and
  valley；　the　Sonoita　valley；　the　San　Bernardino　valley；　the　whole
  course　of　the　Colorado　river　from　a　point　twenty　miles　below　the
  mouth　of　the　Gila　river；　and；　worse　than　all；　the　control　of　the
  head　of　the　Gulf　of　California；　and　the　rich　and　extensive　valley
  of　Lake　Guzman；　besides　a　large　and　extremely　valuable　silver
  region；　well　known　both　to　Mexicans　and　Americansthe　planchas
  de　la　Platte。　General　Gadsden's　line　included　nearly　all　the
  territory　south　of　the　Gila　river　to　the　thirty…first　parallel　of
  latitudeall　the　advantages　above　mentionedgave　us　the　mouth
  of　the　Colorado　river；　and　probably　a　port　near　the　head　of　the
  gulf　at　Adair's　Bay。　We　have　no　accurate　survey　of　the　west　coast
  of　the　Gulf　of　California；　but　I　am　strongly　of　opinion　that　the
  original　line　conceded　by　Mexico　would　have　thrown　a　portion　of
  the　gulf　into　American　hands；　by　cutting　off　an　arm　of　it
  extending　east　and　north　from　the　main　body　of　water。　A　port　on
  the　gulf　is　of　great　and　immediate　necessity　to　our　Pacific
  possessions。　Of　this　hereafter。
  The　proposed　boundaries；　of　the　Territory　of　Arizona；　are　the
  34th　parallel　of　latitude；　with　New　Mexico　on　the　north；　from　the
  103d　meridian　west　to　the　Colorado；　Texas　on　the　east；　Texas；　and
  the　Mexican　provinces　of　New　Mexico　and　Sonora　on　the　south；　and
  California　on　the　west。　The　new　Territory　would　thus　contain
  within　its　borders　the　three　largest　rivers　on　the　Continent；
  west　of　the　Mississippi？the　Rio　Grande；　Gila；　and　Colorado　of
  the　west；　and　embrace　90；000　square　miles。
  The　Gadsden　purchase　is　attached　by　act　of　Congress　to　the
  Territory　of　New　Mexico。　At　the　time　of　its　acquisition　there　was
  scarcely　any　population　except　a　few　scattering　Mexicans　in　the
  Mesilla　valley；　and　at　the　old　town　of　Tucson；　in　the　centre　of
  the　territory。　The　Apache　Indian；　superior　in　strength　to　the
  Mexican；　had　gradually　extirpated　every　trace　of　civilization；
  and　roamed　uninterrupted　and　unmolested；　sole　possessor　of　what
  was　once　a　thriving　and　populous　Spanish　province。
  Except　the　report　of　Col。　A。　B。　Gray；　there　is　scarcely　anything
  in　print　with　reference　to　the　early　history　of　Arizona；　beyond
  the　scanty　but　valuable　notes　of　Major　Emory　and　Hon。　John　R。
  Bartlett；　in　their　reports；　and　in　the　appendix　to　Wilson's　late
  book；　〃Mexico　and　its　Religion。〃　To　this　last　I　beg　to　refer　any
  reader　who　desires　accurate　information　respecting　the　Northern
  Mexican　provinces；　presented　in　a　straightforward　common…sense
  style。
  In　the　possession　of　the　writer　of　these　notes　is　a　map　drawn　in
  1757；　just　one　hundred　years　ago；　presented　by　the　Society　of
  Jesuits　to　the　King　of　Spain。　The　original　of　this　map　is　now　in
  the　archives　of　the　Mexican　Government。　It　was　copied；　with　the
  notes　relating　to　the　Territory；　and　to　Sonora；　Chihuahua；　and
  Sinaloa；　by　Capt。　C。　P。　Stone；　late　of　the　United　States　Army。
  The　map　bears　the　inscription；　〃Carte　levee　par　la　Societe　des
  Jesuites；　dediee　au　Roi　d'Espagne　en　1757。〃
  The　copy　of　the　map　and　the　accompanying　notes　are　certified　as
  accurate　by　the　officer　of　the　Mexican　Government　in　charge　of
  the　archives。
  My　information；　therefore；　upon　the　early　history　of　this
  comparatively　unknown　domain；　is　accurate　and　reliable。　As　early
  as　1687；　a　Jesuit　missionary　from　the　province　of　Sonora；　which；
  in　its　southern　portion；　bore　already　the　impress　of　Spanish
  civilization；　descended　the　valley　of　Santa　Cruz　river　to　the
  Gila。　Passing　down　the　Gila　to　its　mouth；　after　exploring　the
  country；　he　retraced　his　steps；　penetrated　the　country　north　of
  the　Gila　river　for　some　distance；　and　ascended　the　Salinas　or
  Salt　river；　and　other　northern　branches　of　the　Gila。　The
  explorations　of　this　energetic　priest　did　not　stop　here。
  Proceeding　east；　he　explored　the　valley　of　the　San　Pedro　and　its
  branches；　thence　along　the　Gila　to　the　Mimbres；　and　probably　to
  the　Rio　Grande　and　the　Mesilla　valley。　Filled　with　the　enthusiasm
  of　his　sect；　he　procured　authority　from　the　head　of　the　order　in
  Mexico；　and　established　missions　and　settlements　at　every
  available　point。　In　a　report　to　the　government　of　the　viceroy　of
  Spain；　made　during　the　early　settlement　of　the　province；　I　find
  the　following　language：　〃A　scientific　exploration　of　Sonora；　with
  reference　to　mineralogy；　along　with　the　introduction　of　families；
  will　lead　to　a　discovery　of　gold　and　silver　so　marvellous　that
  the　result　will　be　such　as　has　never　yet　been　seen　in　the
  world。〃
  The　reports　of　the　immense　mineral　wealth　of　the　new　country；
  made　by　the　Jesuits；　induced　a　rapid　settlement。　There　are　laid
  down　on　the　map　before　me　more　than　forty　towns　and　villages。
  Many　of　these　were　of　considerable　size。　There　were　a　few　north
  of　the　Gila；　and　several　on　the　lower　Gila；　near　the　Colorado。
  The　Santa　Cruz　and　its　tributary　valleys　teemed　with　an
  agricultural　and　mining　population。　Thousands　of　enterprising
  Spaniards　cultivated　the　rich　valley　of　the　San　Pedro；　and
  scattered　settlements　flourished　at　every　suitable　stream　and
  spring　at　the　foot　of　the　mountains　towards　the　Rio　Grande。　The
  notes　before　me　say：　〃All　these　settlements　and　missions　were
  founded　in　fertile　valleys；　and　by　streams　and　springs；　which
  produced　luxuriant　crops　of　wheat；　corn；　and　beans；　and　in　many
  parts　grapes　and　other　foreign　fruits　were　cultivated。〃
  In　the　western　part　of　the　Territory　were　the　missions　of　St。
  Pierre；　St。　Paul；　St。　Matthias；　St。　Simond；　St。　Francisco；　Merci；
  the　ranches　of　Eau　Cheri；　Eau　de　la　Lune；　and　others；　on　the
  Santa　Cruz　the　missions　of　San　Xavier　del　Bac；　Santiago；　San
  Cayetano；　and　San　Philipe；　the　towns　of　Tueson；　Tubac；　Reges；　San
  Augusta；　and　many　others。　San　Xavier　del　Bac　is　still　in
  existence。　It　is　a　mission　church　of　great　size　and　beauty；
  magnificently　ornamented　within；　forty　thousand　dollars　in　solid
  silver　served　to　adorn　the　altar。　Upon　the　San　Pedro　river　were
  the　missions　of　St。　Mark；　San　Salvadore；　San　Pantaleon；　Santa
  Cruz；　and　the　towns　of　Quiduria；　Rosario；　Eugenia；　Victoria；　and
  San　Fernandothe　latter　at　the　mouthwith　many　more。　To　the
  east　some　small　settlements　were　found　on　the　Valle　del　Sauz；　on
  the　Mimbres；　at　the　copper　mines　north　of　the　Mimbres；　and　to　the
  south　the　immense　grazing　and　stock…raising　establishment　of　San
  Bernardino；　where　since　have　been　raised　hundreds　of　thousands　of
  cattle　and　horses。　The　Indians　in　the　vicinity　of　the　missions
  were　reduced　first　to　obedience　by　the　Jesuits；　and　then　to
  slavery　by　the　Spaniards。
  The　notes　referred　to　above　contain　the　names　and　localities　of
  more　than　a　hundred　silver　and　gold　mines　which　were　worked　with
  great　success　by　the　Spaniards。　The　survey　of　the　Jesuit　priest
  about　1687　was　repeated　in　1710　with　renewed　discoveries；　and
  consequent　accession　of　population。　From　this　time　up　to　1757　the
  conquest　and　settlement　of　the　country　was　prosecuted　with　vigor；
  both　by　the　Jesuits'　Society　and　Spanish　government。
  The　missions　and　settlements　were　repeatedly　destroyed　by　the
  Apaches；　and　the　priests　and　settlers　massacred　or　driven　off。　As
  often　were　they　re…established。　The　Indians　at　length；　thoroughly
  aroused　by　the　cruelties　of　the　Spaniards；　by　whom　they　were
  deprived　of　their　liberty；　forced　to　labor　in　the　silver　mines
  with　inadequate　food；　and　barbarously　treated；　finally　rose；
  joined　with　tribes　who　had　never　been　subdued；　and　gradually
  drove　out　or　massacred　their　oppressors。　A　superior　civilization
  disappeared　before　their　devastating　career；　and　to　day　there　is
  scarcely　a　trace　of　it　left；　except　scarcely　visible　ruins；
  evidence　everywhere；　of　extensive　and　hastily…deserted　mining
  operations；　and　the　tradition　of　the　country。　The　mission　of　San
  Xavier　del　Bac；　and　the　old　towns　of　Tueson　and　Tubac；　are　the
  most　prominent　of　these　remains。　The　labors　of　the　Jesuits　to
  civilize　the　Indians　are　still　evident　in　the　mission　Indians；
  the　Papagos　and　Pimas；　who　live　in　villages；　cultivate　crops　of
  corn　and　wheat；　and　who；　in　the　Christian　and　human　elements　of
  good　faith　and　charity；　are；　to　say　the　least；　in　no　way　i