第 1 节
作者:九十八度      更新:2021-02-20 16:02      字数:9320
  On Horsemanship
  On Horsemanship
  By Xenophon
  Translation by H。 G。 Dakyns
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  On Horsemanship
  I
  Claiming      to   have    attained    some    proficiency      in  horsemanship'1'
  ourselves;   as   the   result   of   long   experience   in   the   field;   our   wish   is   to
  explain; for the benefit of our younger friends; what we conceive to be the
  most correct method of dealing with horses。
  '1'   Lit。   〃Since;   through     the   accident    of  having    for   a  long    time
  'ridden'     ourselves;      we    believe     we     have     become      proficients     in
  horsemanship;        we   wish    to  show    to  our   younger     friends   how;    as  we
  conceive the matter; they will proceed most correctly in dealing                       with
  horses。〃 {ippeuein} in the case of Xenophon = serve as a                         {ippeus};
  whether technically as an Athenian 〃knight〃 or more                        particularly in
  reference to his organisation of a troop of                cavalry during 〃the retreat〃
  (〃Anab。〃 III。 iii。 8…20); and; as is             commonly believed; while serving
  under Agesilaus (〃Hell。〃 III。 iv。              14) in Asia; 396; 395 B。C。
  There is; it is true; a treatise on horsemanship written by Simon; the
  same   who   dedicated   the   bronze   horse   near   the   Eleusinion   in   Athens'2'
  with a representation of his exploits engraved in relief on the pedestal。'3'
  But     we   shall   not   on    that   account    expunge      from    our   treatise   any
  conclusions in which we happen to agree with that author; on the contrary
  we   shall   hand   them   on   with   still   greater   pleasure   to   our   friends;   in   the
  belief that   we   shall only gain   in   authority  from  the fact that so great   an
  expert in horsemanship held similar views to our own; whilst with regard
  to matters omitted in his treatise; we shall endeavour to supply them。
  '2'   L。   Dind。   'in   Athens'。   The   Eleusinion。     For   the   position   of  this
  sanctuary      of  Demeter      and   Kore    see   Leake;    〃Top。    of  Athens;〃     i。  p。
  296 foll。 For Simon see Sauppe; vol。 v。 Praef。 to 〃de R。 E。〃 p。                     230; L。
  Dind。 Praef。 〃Xen。 Opusc。〃 p。 xx。; Dr。 Morris H。 Morgan;                          〃The Art
  of Horsemanship by Xenophon;〃 p。 119 foll。 A fragment of                          the work
  referred to; {peri eidous kai ekloges ippon}; exists。 The                    MS。 is in the
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  On Horsemanship
  library     of  Emmanual        Coll。   Cant。    It  so  happens      that         one    of   the
  hipparchs (?) appealed to by Demosthenes in Arist。                         〃Knights;〃 242;
  {andres ippes; paragenesthe nun o kairos; o Simon; o Panaiti; ouk elate
  pros to dexion keras};
  bears the name。
  '3'    Lit。  〃and    carved    on   the   pedestal     a  representation      of   his  own
  performances。〃
  As our first topic we shall deal with the question; how a man may best
  avoid being cheated in the purchase of a horse。                  Take the case of a foal as
  yet   unbroken:   it   is   plain   that   our   scrutiny   must   begin   with   the   body;   an
  animal      that  has   never    yet   been    mounted      can   but   present    the   vaguest
  indications   of   spirit。   Confining   ourselves   therefore   to   the   body;   the   first
  point to examine; we maintain; will be the feet。 Just as a house would be
  of    little  use;   however       beautiful    its  upper     stories;   if  the    underlying
  foundations   were   not   what   they   ought   to   be;   so   there   is   little   use   to   be
  extracted from a horse; and in particular a war…horse;'4' if unsound in his
  feet; however excellent his other points; since he could not turn a single
  one of them to good account。'5'
  '4'    Or;  〃and    that   a  charger;    we   will   suppose。〃     For   the   simile    see
  〃Mem。〃 III。 i。 7。
  '5' Cf。 Hor。 〃Sat。〃 I。 ii。 86:
  regibus   hic   mos   est:   ubi   equos   mercantur;   opertos   inspiciunt;   ne;   si
  facies;   ut   saepe;   decora   molli   fulta   pede   est;   emptorem  inducat   hiantem;
  quod pulchrae clunes; breve quod caput; ardua cervix。
  and see Virg。 〃Georg。〃 iii。 72 foll。
  In testing the feet the first thing to examine will be the horny portion
  of the hoof。  For soundness   of foot   a thick   horn is   far better than a  thin。
  Again it is important to notice whether the hoofs are high both before and
  behind; or flat to the ground; for a high hoof keeps the 〃frog;〃'6' as it is
  called;   well   off   the   ground;   whereas   a   low   hoof   treads   equally   with   the
  stoutest   and   softest   part   of   the   foot   alike;   the   gait   resembling   that   of   a
  bandy…legged man。'7' 〃You may tell a good foot clearly by the ring;〃 says
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  On Horsemanship
  Simon happily;'8' for the hollow hoof rings like a cymbal against the solid
  earth。'9'
  '6' Lit。 〃the swallow。〃
  '7'   Al。   〃a   knock…kneed   person。〃   See   Stonehenge;   〃The   Horse〃   (ed。
  1892); pp。 3; 9。
  '8' Or; 〃and he is right。〃
  '9' Cf。 Virg。 〃Georg。〃 iii。 88; Hor。 〃Epod。〃 xvi。 12。
  And   now   that   we   have   begun   with   the   feet;   let   us   ascend   from   this
  point to the rest of the body。 The bones'10' above the hoof and below the
  fetlock   must   not   be   too   straight;   like those   of   a   goat;   through   not   being
  properly elastic;'11' legs of this type will jar the rider; and are more liable
  to become inflamed。 On the other hand; these bones must not be too low;
  or else the fetlock will be abraded or lacerated when the horse is galloped
  over clods and stones。
  '10'     i。e。  〃the   pasterns     ({mesokunia})        and   the    coffin   should     be
  'sloping。'〃
  '11'   Or;   〃being   too   inflexible。〃   Lit。   〃giving   blow   for   blow;   overuch
  like anvil to hammer。〃
  The bones of the shanks'12' ought to be thick; being as they are the
  columns on which the body rests; thick in themselves; that is; not puffed
  out   with   veins   or    flesh;   or   else  in   riding   over  hard   ground   they   will
  inevitably be surcharged with blood; and varicose conditions be set up;'13'
  the legs becoming thick and puffy; whilst the skin recedes; and with this
  loosening of the skin the back sinew'14' is very apt to start and render the
  horse lame。
  '12' i。e。 〃the metacarpals and metatarsals。〃
  '13'  Or;   〃and   become   varicose;   with   the   result   that   the   shanks   swell
  whilst the skin recedes from the bone。〃
  '14'    Or;   〃suspensory       ligament〃?     Possibly     Xenophon's       anatomy      is
  wrong;           and he mistook the back sinew for a bone like the fibula。 The
  part         in    question    might    intelligibly    enough;     if  not  technically;     be
  termed {perone}; being of the brooch…pin order。
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  On Horsemanship
  If the young horse in walking bends his knees flexibly; you may safely
  conjecture   that   when   he   comes   to   be   ridden   he   will   have   flexible   legs;
  since the quality of suppleness invariably increases with age。'15' Supple
  knees are highly esteemed and with good reason; rendering as they do the
  horse   less   liable   to   stumble   or   break   down   from   fatigue   than   those   of
  stiffer build。
  '15' Lit。 〃all horses bend their legs more flexibly as time advances。〃
  Coming to the thighs below the shoulder…blades;'16' or arms; these if
  thick and muscular present a stronger and handsomer appearance; just as
  in the case of a human being。 Again; a comparatively broad chest is better
  alike   for   strength   and   beauty;   and   better   adapted   to   carry   the   legs   well
  asunder; so that they will not overlap and interfere with one another。 Again;
  the   neck   should   not   be   set   on   dropping   forward   from   the   chest;   like   a
  boar's; but; like that of a game…cock rather; it should shoot upwards to the
  crest; and be slack'17' along the curvature; whilst the head should be bony
  and the jawbone small。 In this way the neck will be well in front of the
  rider; and the eye will command what lies before the horse's feet。 A horse;
  moreover;