categories　and　to　call　them　by　new　names　　where　the　philosopher
  does　not　lose　sight　of　the　essential　question；　the　reply　is　always
  one　and　the　same　　the　reply　given　by　Socrates；　Schopenhauer；
  Solomon；　and　buddha。
  〃We　approach　truth　only　inasmuch　as　we　depart　from　life〃；　said
  Socrates　when　preparing　for　death。　　〃For　what　do　we；　who　love
  truth；　strive　after　in　life？　　To　free　ourselves　from　the　body；　and
  from　all　the　evil　that　is　caused　by　the　life　of　the　body！　　If　so；
  then　how　can　we　fail　to　be　glad　when　death　comes　to　us？
  〃The　wise　man　seeks　death　all　his　life　and　therefore　death　is
  not　terrible　to　him。〃
  And　Schopenhauer　says：
  〃Having　recognized　the　inmost　essence　of　the　world　as　*will*；
  and　all　its　phenomena　　from　the　unconscious　working　of　the
  obscure　forces　of　Nature　up　to　the　completely　conscious　action　of
  man　　as　only　the　objectivity　of　that　will；　we　shall　in　no　way
  avoid　the　conclusion　that　together　with　the　voluntary　renunciation
  and　self…destruction　of　the　will　all　those　phenomena　also
  disappear；　that　constant　striving　and　effort　without　aim　or　rest　on
  all　the　stages　of　objectivity　in　which　and　through　which　the　world
  exists；　the　diversity　of　successive　forms　will　disappear；　and
  together　with　the　form　all　the　manifestations　of　will；　with　its
  most　universal　forms；　space　and　time；　and　finally　its　most
  fundamental　form　　subject　and　object。　　Without　will　there　is　no
  concept　and　no　world。　　Before　us；　certainly；　nothing　remains。　　But
  what　resists　this　transition　into　annihilation；　our　nature；　is　only
  that　same　wish　to　live　　*Wille　zum　Leben*　　which　forms
  ourselves　as　well　as　our　world。　　That　we　are　so　afraid　of
  annihilation　or；　what　is　the　same　thing；　that　we　so　wish　to　live；
  merely　means　that　we　are　ourselves　nothing　else　but　this　desire　to
  live；　and　know　nothing　but　it。　　And　so　what　remains　after　the
  complete　annihilation　of　the　will；　for　us　who　are　so　full　of　the
  will；　is；　of　course；　nothing；　but　on　the　other　hand；　for　those　in
  whom　the　will　has　turned　and　renounced　itself；　this　so　real　world
  of　ours　with　all　its　suns　and　milky　way　is　nothing。〃
  〃Vanity　of　vanities〃；　says　Solomon　　〃vanity　of　vanities
  all　is　vanity。　　What　profit　hath　a　man　of　all　his　labor　which　he
  taketh　under　the　sun？　　One　generation　passeth　away；　and　another
  generation　commeth：　but　the　earth　abideth　for　ever。。。。The　thing
  that　hath　been；　is　that　which　shall　be；　and　that　which　is　done　is
  that　which　shall　be　done：　and　there　is　no　new　thing　under　the　sun。
  Is　there　anything　whereof　it　may　be　said；　See；　this　is　new？　it　hath
  been　already　of　old　time；　which　was　before　us。　　there　is　no
  remembrance　of　former　things；　neither　shall　there　be　any
  remembrance　of　things　that　are　to　come　with　those　that　shall　come
  after。　　I　the　Preacher　was　King　over　Israel　in　Jerusalem。　　And　I
  gave　my　heart　to　seek　and　search　out　by　wisdom　concerning　all　that
  is　done　under　heaven：　　this　sore　travail　hath　God　given　to　the　sons
  of　man　to　be　exercised　therewith。　　I　have　seen　all　the　works　that
  are　done　under　the　sun；　and　behold；　all　is　vanity　and　vexation　of
  spirit。。。。I　communed　with　my　own　heart；　saying；　Lo；　I　am　come　to
  great　estate；　and　have　gotten　more　wisdom　than　all　they　that　have
  been　before　me　over　Jerusalem：　yea；　my　heart　hath　great　experience
  of　wisdom　and　knowledge。　　And　I　gave　my　heart　to　know　wisdom；　and
  to　know　madness　and　folly：　I　perceived　that　this　also　is　vexation
  of　spirit。　　For　in　much　wisdom　is　much　grief：　and　he　that
  increaseth　knowledge　increaseth　sorrow。
  〃I　said　in　my　heart；　Go　to　now；　I　will　prove　thee　with　mirth；
  therefore　enjoy　pleasure：　and　behold　this　also　is　vanity。　I　said　of
  laughter；　It　is　mad：　　and　of　mirth；　What　doeth　it？　　I　sought　in　my
  heart　how　to　cheer　my　flesh　with　wine；　and　while　my　heart　was
  guided　by　wisdom；　to　lay　hold　on　folly；　till　I　might　see　what　it
  was　good　for　the　sons　of　men　that　they　should　do　under　heaven　the
  number　of　the　days　of　their　life。　　I　made　me　great　works；　I　builded
  me　houses；　I　planted　me　vineyards；　I　made　me　gardens　and　orchards；
  and　I　planted　trees　in　them　of　all　kinds　of　fruits：　I　made　me　pools
  of　water；　to　water　therefrom　the　forest　where　trees　were　reared：　I
  got　me　servants　and　maidens；　and　had　servants　born　in　my　house；
  also　I　had　great　possessions　of　herds　and　flocks　above　all　that
  were　before　me　in　Jerusalem：　I　gathered　me　also　silver　and　gold　and
  the　peculiar　treasure　from　kings　and　from　the　provinces：　I　got　me
  men　singers　and　women　singers；　and　the　delights　of　the　sons　of　men；
  as　musical　instruments　and　all　that　of　all　sorts。　　So　I　was　great；
  and　increased　more　than　all　that　were　before　me　in　Jerusalem：　also
  my　wisdom　remained　with　me。　　And　whatever　mine　eyes　desired　I　kept
  not　from　them。　　I　withheld　not　my　heart　from　any　joy。。。。Then　I
  looked　on　all　the　works　that　my　hands　had　wrought；　and　on　the
  labour　that　I　had　laboured　to　do：　and；　behold；　all　was　vanity　and
  vexation　of　spirit；　and　there　was　no　profit　from　them　under　the
  sun。　　And　I　turned　myself　to　behold　wisdom；　and　madness；　and
  folly。。。。　But　I　perceived　that　one　even　happeneth　to　them　all。
  Then　said　I　in　my　heart；　As　it　happeneth　to　the　fool；　so　it
  happeneth　even　to　me；　and　why　was　I　then　more　wise？　　then　I　said　in
  my　heart；　that　this　also　is　vanity。　　For　there　is　no　remembrance　of
  the　wise　more　than　of　the　fool　for　ever；　seeing　that　which　now　is
  in　the　days　to　come　shall　all　be　forgotten。　　And　how　dieth　the　wise
  man？　as　the　fool。　　Therefore　I　hated　life；　because　the　work　that　is
  wrought　under　the　sun　is　grievous　unto　me：　for　all　is　vanity　and
  vexation　of　spirit。　　Yea；　I　hated　all　my　labour　which　I　had　taken
  under　the　sun：　seeing　that　I　must　leave　it　unto　the　man　that　shall
  be　after　me。。。。　For　what　hath　　man　of　all　his　labour；　and　of　the
  vexation　of　his　heart；　wherein　he　hath　laboured　under　the　sun？　　For
  all　his　days　are　sorrows；　and　his　travail　grief；　yea；　even　in　the
  night　his　heart　taketh　no　rest。　　this　is　also　vanity。　　Man　is　not
  blessed　with　security　that　he　should　eat　and　drink　and　cheer　his
  soul　from　his　own　labour。。。。　All　things　come　alike　to　all：　there　is
  one　event　to　the　righteous　and　to　the　wicked；　to　the　good　and　to
  the　evil；　to　the　clean　and　to　the　unclean；　to　him　that　sacrificeth
  and　to　him　that　sacrificeth　not；　as　is　the　good；　so　is　the　sinner；
  and　he　that　sweareth；　as　he　that　feareth　an　oath。　　This　is　an　evil
  in　all　that　is　done　under　the　sun；　that　there　is　one　event　unto
  all；　yea；　also　the　heart　of　the　sons　of　men　is　full　of　evil；　and
  madness　is　in　their　heart　while　they　live；　and　after　that　they　go
  to　the　dead。　　For　him　that　is　among　the　living　there　is　hope：　for
  a　living　dog　is　better　than　a　dead　lion。　　For　the　living　know　that
  they　shall　die：　but　the　dead　know　not　any　thing；　neither　have　they
  any　more　a　reward；　for　the　memory　of　them　is　forgotten。　　also　their
  love；　and　their　hatred；　and　their　envy；　is　now　perished；　neither
  have　they　any　more　a　portion　for　ever　in　any　thing　that　is　done
  under　the　sun。〃
  So　said　Solomon；　or　whoever　wrote　those　words。　　＇Footnote：
  tolstoy's　version　differs　slightly　in　a　few　places　from　our　own
  Authorized　or　Revised　version。　　I　have　followed　his　text；　for　in　a
  letter　to　Fet；　quoted　on　p。　18；　vol。　ii；　of　my　〃Life　of　Tolstoy；〃
  he　says　that　〃The　Authorized　English　version　＇of　Ecclesiastes＇　is
  bad。〃　　A。M。＇
  And　this　is　what　the　Indian　wisdom　tells：
  Sakya　Muni；　a　young；　happy　prince；　from　whom　the　existence　of
  sickness；　old　age；　and　death　had　been　hidden；　went　out　to　drive　and
  saw　a　terrible　old　man；　toothless　and　slobbering。　　the　prince；　from
  whom　till　then　old　age　had　been　concealed；　was　amazed；　and　asked
  his　driver　what　it　was；　and　how　that　man　had　come　to　such　a
  wretched　and　disgusting　condition；　and　when　he　learnt　that　this　was
  the　common　fate　of　all　men；　that　the　same　thing　inevitably　awaited
  him　　the　young　prince　　he　could　not　continue　his　drive；　but
  gave　orders　to　go　home；　that　he　might　consider　this　fact。　　So　he
  shut　himself　up　alone　and　considered　it。　　and　he　probably　devised
  some　consolation　for　himself；　for　he　subsequently　again　went　out　to
  drive；　feeling　merry　and　happy。　　But　this　time　he　saw　a　sick　man。
  He　saw　an　emaciated；　livid；　trembling　man　with　dim　eyes。　　The
  prince；　from　whom　sickness　had　been　concealed；　stopped　and　asked
  what　this　was。　　And　when　he　learnt　that　this　was　sickness；　to　which
  all　men　are　liable；　and　that　he　himself　　a　healthy　and　happy
  prince　　might　himself　fall　ill　tomorrow；　he　again　was　in　no　mood
  to　enjoy　himself　but　gave　orders　to　drive　home；　and　again　sought
  some　solace；　and　probably　found　it；　for　he　drove　out　a　third　time
  for　pleasure。　　But　this　third　time　he　saw　another　new　sight：　he　saw
  men　carrying　something。　　'What　is　that？'　　'A　dead　man。'　　'What　does
  *dead*　mean？'　asked　the　prince。　　He　was　told　that　to　become　dead
  means　to　become　like　that　man。　　The　prince　approached　the　corpse；
  uncovered　it；　and　looked　at　it。　　'What　will　happen