another　from　the　rear。＇16＇　Now；　if　at　such　a　moment　a　hostile　force　appears　in　front　in　battle　order；　the　word　is　passed　down　to　the　commander　of　each　section；　〃Deploy　（into　line）　to　the　left。〃　And　so　throughout　the　whole　length　of　the　column；　until　the　line　is　formed　facing　the　enemy。　Or　supposing　while　in　this　position　an　enemy　appears　in　the　rear。　Each　file　performs　a　counter…march＇17＇　with　the　effect　of　bringing　the　best　men　face　to　face　with　the　enemy　all　along　the　line。＇18＇　As　to　the　point　that　the　leader　previously　on　the　right　finds　himself　now　on　the　left；＇19＇　they　do　not　consider　that　they　are　necessarily　losers　thereby；　but；　as　it　may　turn　out；　even　gainers。　If；　for　instance；　the　enemy　attempted　to　turn　their　flank；　he　would　find　himself　wrapping　round；　not　their　exposed；　but　their　shielded　flank。＇20＇　Or　if；　for　any　reason；　it　be　thought　advisable　for　the　general　to　keep　the　right　wing；　they　turn　the　corps　about；＇21＇　and　counter…march　by　ranks；　until　the　leader　is　on　the　right；　and　the　rear　rank　on　the　left。　Or　again；　supposing　a　division　of　the　enemy　appears　on　the　right　whilst　they　are　marching　in　column；　they　have　nothing　further　to　do　but　to　wheel　each　company　to　the　right；　like　a　trireme；　prow　forwards；＇22＇　to　meet　the　enemy；　and　thus　the　rear　company　again　finds　itself　on　the　right。　If；　however；　the　enemy　should　attack　on　the　left；　either　they　will　not　allow　of　that　and　push　him　aside；＇23＇　or　else　they　wheel　their　companies　to　the　left　to　face　the　antagonist；　and　thus　the　rear　company　once　more　falls　into　position　on　the　left。
  ＇13＇　Or；　〃alongside　of　any　comrade　who　may　have　fallen　in　their　way。〃　　　　　See　Plut。　〃Pelop。〃　23　（Clough；　ii。　222）；　Thuc。　v。　72。
  ＇14＇　Or；　〃drill　sergeant。〃
  ＇15＇　See　Jebb；　note　to　〃Theophr。〃　viii。　3。
  ＇16＇　Or；　〃marching　in　rear　of　another。〃
  ＇17＇　See　Rustow　and　Kochly；　p。　127。
  ＇18＇　Or；　〃every　time。〃
  ＇19＇　See　Thuc。　v。　67；　71。
  ＇20＇　See　Rustow　and　Kochly；　p。　127。
  ＇21＇　For　these　movements；　see　〃Dict。　of　Antiq。〃　〃Exercitus〃；　Grote；　　　　　〃H。　G。〃　vii。　111。
  ＇22＇　See　〃Hell。〃　VII。　v。　23。
  ＇23＇　I　am　indebted　to　Professor　Jebb　for　the　following　suggestions　　　　　with　regard　to　this　passage：　〃The　words　｛oude　touto　eosin；　all　　　　　apothousin　e｝；　etc。；　contain　some　corruption。　The　sense　ought　　　　　clearly　to　be　roughly　parallel　with　that　of　the　phrase　used　a　　　　　little　before；　｛ouden　allo　pragmateuontai　e｝；　etc。　Perhaps　　　　　｛apothousin｝　is　a　corruption　of　｛apothen　ousin｝；　and　this　　　　　corruption　occasioned　the　insertion　of　｛e｝。　Probably　Xenophon　　　　　wrote　｛oude　touto　eosin；　all　apothen　ousin　antipalous｝；　etc。：　　　　　'while　the　enemy　is　still　some　way　off；　they　turn　their　companies　　　　　so　as　to　face　him。'　The　words　｛apothen　ousin｝　indirectly　suggest　　　　　the　celerity　of　the　Spartan　movement。〃
  XII
  I　will　now　speak　of　the　mode　of　encampment　sanctioned　by　the　regulation　of　Lycurgus。　To　avoid　the　waste　incidental　to　the　angles　of　a　square；＇1＇　the　encampment；　according　to　him；　should　be　circular；　except　where　there　was　the　security　of　a　hill；＇2＇　or　fortification；　or　where　they　had　a　river　in　their　rear。　He　had　sentinels　posted　during　the　day　along　the　place　of　arms　and　facing　inwards；＇3＇　since　they　are　appointed　not　so　much　for　the　sake　of　the　enemy　as　to　keep　an　eye　on　friends。　The　enemy　is　sufficiently　watched　by　mounted　troopers　perched　on　various　points　commanding　the　widest　prospect。
  ＇1＇　Or；　〃Regarding　the　angles　of　a　square　as　a　useless　inconvenience；　　　　　he　arranged　that　an　encampment　should　be　circular；〃　etc。　See　　　　　Polyb。　vi。　31；　42。
  ＇2＇　Cf。　〃Hell。〃　VI。　iv。　14；　Polyaen。　II。　iii。　11；　ap。　Schneider。
  ＇3＇　Lit。　〃these；〃　｛tas　men｝。　Or；　〃He　had　lines　of　sentinels　posted　　　　　throughout　the　day；　one　line　facing　inwards　towards　the　place　of　　　　　arms　（and　these　were　appointed；　etc。）；　while　observation　of　the　　　　　enemy　was　secured　by　mounted　troopers；〃　etc。
  To　guard　against　hostile　approach　by　night；　sentinel　duty　according　to　the　ordinance　was　performed　by　the　Sciritae＇4＇　outside　the　main　body。　At　the　present　time　the　rule　is　so　far　modified　that　the　duty　is　entrusted　to　foreigners；＇5＇　if　there　be　a　foreign　contingent　present；　with　a　leaven　of　Spartans　themselves　to　keep　them　company。＇6＇
  ＇4＇　See　Muller's　〃Dorians；〃　ii。　253；　〃Hell。〃　VI。　v。　24；　〃Cyrop。〃　IV。　　　　　ii。　1；　Thuc。　v。　67；　71；　Grote；　〃H。　G。〃　vii。　110。
  ＇5＇　See　〃Hipparch。〃　ix。　4。
  ＇6＇　Reading　｛auton　de｝。　The　passage　is　probably　corrupt。　See　L。　　　　　Dindorf　ad　loc。
  The　custom　of　always　taking　their　spears＇7＇　with　them　when　they　go　their　rounds　must　certainly　be　attributed　to　the　same　cause　which　makes　them　exclude　their　slaves　from　the　place　of　arms。　Nor　need　we　be　surprised　if；　when　retiring　for　necessary　purposes；　they　only　withdraw　just　far　enough　from　one　another；　or　from　the　place　of　arms　itself；　not　to　create　annoyance。　The　need　of　precaution　is　the　whole　explanation。
  ＇7＇　See　Critias；　ap。　Schneider　ad　loc。
  The　frequency　with　which　they　change　their　encampments　is　another　point。　It　is　done　quite　as　much　for　the　sake　of　benefiting　their　friends　as　of　annoying　their　enemies。
  Further；　the　law　enjoins　upon　all　Lacedaemonians；　during　the　whole　period　of　an　expedition；　the　constant　practice　of　gymnastic＇8＇　exercises；　whereby　their　pride＇9＇　in　themselves　is　increased；　and　they　appear　freer　and　of　a　more　liberal　aspect　than　the　rest　of　the　world。＇10＇　The　walk　and　the　running　ground　must　not　exceed　in　length＇11＇　the　space　covered　by　a　regimental　division；＇12＇　so　that　no　one　may　find　himself　far　from　his　own　stand　of　arms。　After　the　gymnastic　exercises　the　senior　polemarch　gives　the　order　（by　herald）　to　be　seated。　This　serves　all　the　purposes　of　an　inspection。　After　this　the　order　is　given　〃to　get　breakfast；〃　and　for　〃the　outposts＇13＇　to　be　relieved。〃　After　this；　again；　come　pastimes　and　relaxations　before　the　evening　exercises；　after　which　the　herald's　cry　is　heard　〃to　take　the　evening　meal。〃　When　they　have　sung　a　hymn　to　the　gods　to　whom　the　offerings　of　happy　omen　had　been　performed；　the　final　order；　〃Retire　to　rest　at　the　place　of　arms；〃＇14＇　is　given。
  ＇8＇　Cf。　Herod。　vii。　208；　Plut。　〃Lycurg。〃　22　（Clough；　i。　113　foll。）
  ＇9＇　Reading　｛megalophronesterous｝　（L。　Dindorf's　emendation）　for　the　　　　　vulg。　｛megaloprepesterous｝。　Xen　〃Opusc。　polit。〃　Ox。　MDCCCLVI。
  ＇10＇　Or；　〃the　proud　self…consciousness　of　their　own　splendour　is　　　　　increased；　and　by　comparison　with　others　they　bear　more　notably　　　　　the　impress　of　freemen。〃
  ＇11＇　The　word　｛masso｝　is　〃poetical〃　（old　Attic？）。　See　〃Cyrop。〃　II。　iv。　　　　　27；　and　L。　Dindorf　ad　loc。
  ＇12＇　A　single　mora；　or　an　army　corps。
  ＇13＇　Or；　〃vedettes；〃　｛proskopon｝。　See　〃Cyrop。〃　V。　ii。　6。
  ＇14＇　？　Or；　〃on　your　arms。〃　See　Sturz；　〃Lex。　Xen。〃　s。v。
  If　the　story　is　a　little　long　the　reader　must　not　be　surprised；　since　it　would　be　difficult　to　find　any　point　in　military　matters　omitted　by　the　Lacedaemonians　which　seems　to　demand　attention。
  XIII
  I　will　now　give　a　detailed　account　of　the　power　and　privilege　assigned　by　Lycurgus　to　the　king　during　a　campaign。　To　begin　with；　so　long　as　he　is　on　active　service；　the　state　maintains　the　king　and　those　with　him。＇1＇　The　polemarchs　mess　with　him　and　share　his　quarters；　so　that　by　dint　of　constant　intercourse　they　may　be　all　the　better　able　to　consult　in　common　in　case　of　need。　Besides　the　polemarch　three　other　members　of　the　peers＇2＇　share　the　royal　quarters；　mess；　etc。　The　duty　of　these　is　to　attend　to　all　matters　of　commisariat；＇3＇　in　order　that　the　king　and　the　rest　may　have　unbroken　leisure　to　attend　to　affairs　of　actual　warfare。
  ＇1＇　I。e。　〃the　Thirty。〃　See　〃Ages。〃　i。　7；　〃Hell。〃　III。　iv。　2；　Plut。　　　　　〃Ages。〃　6　（Clough；　iv。　6）；　Aristot。　〃Pol。〃　ii。　9；　29。
  ＇2＇　For　these　｛oi　omoioi｝；　see　〃Cyrop。〃　I。　v。　5；　〃Hell。〃　III。　iii。　5。
  ＇3＇　Lit。　〃supplies　and　necessaries。〃
  But　I　will　resume　at　a　somewhat　higher　point　and　describe　the　manner　in　which　the　king　sets　out　on　an　expedition。　As　a　preliminary　step；　before　leaving　home　he　offers　sacrifice　（in　company　with＇4＇　his　staff）　to　Zeus　Agetor　（the　Leader）；　and　if　the　victims　prove　favourable　then　and　there　the　priest；＇5＇　who　bears　the　sacred　fire；　takes　thereof　from　off　the　altar　and　leads　the　way　to　the　boundaries　of　the　land。　Here　for　the　second　time　the　king　does　sacrifice＇6＇　to　Zeus　and　Athena；　and　as　soon　as　the　offerings　are　accepted　by　those　two　divinities　he　steps　across　the　boundaries　of　the　land。　And　all　the　while　the　fire　from　those　sacrifices　leads　the　way；　and　is　never　suffered　to　go　out。　Behind　follow　beasts　for　sacrifice　of　every　sort。
  ＇4＇　Lit。　reading　｛kai　oi　sun　auto｝；　after　L。　Dindorf；　〃he　and　those　　　　　with　him。〃
  ＇5＇　Lit。　〃the　Purphuros。〃　See　Nic。　Damasc。　ap。　Stob。　〃Fl。〃　44；　41；　　　　　Hesych。　ap。　Schneider；　n。　ad　loc。
  ＇6＇　These　are　the　｛diabateria｝；　so　often　mentioned　in　the　〃Hellenica。〃
  Invariably　when　he　offers　sacrifice　the　king　begins　the　work　in　the　gloaming　ere　the　day　has　broken；　being　minded　to　anticipate　the　goodwill　of　the　god。　And　round　about　the　place　of　sacrifice　are　present　the　polemarchs　and　captains；　the　lieutenants　and　sub…　lieutenants；　with　the　commandants　of　the　baggage　train；　and　any　general　of　the　states＇7＇　who　may　care　to　assist。　There；　too；　are　to　be　seen　two　of　the　ephors；　who　neither　meddle　nor　make；　save　only　at　the　summons　of