ordinary　manner；　at　a　shilling　a　volume。
  This　may　vary　either　way；　but　it　moderately
  represents；　I　think；　my　own　experience；　in
  London　residences；　of　the　charge　of　fitting
  up　with　bookcases；　which；　if　of　any
  considerable　size；　are　often　unsuitable　for　removal。
  The　cost　of　the　method　which　I　have　adopted
  later　in　life；　and　have　here　endeavored　to
  explain；　need　not　exceed　one　penny　per
  volume。　Each　bookcase　when　filled　represents；
  unless　in　exceptional　cases；　nearly　a　solid
  mass。　The　intervals　are　so　small　that；　as　a
  rule；　they　admit　a　very　small　portion　of　dust。
  If　they　are　at　a　tolerable　distance　from　the
  fireplace；　if　carpeting　be　avoided　except　as　to
  small　movable　carpets　easily　removed　for
  beating；　and　if　sweeping　be　discreetly
  conducted；　dust　may；　at　any　rate　in　the　country；
  be　made　to　approach　to　a　quantite　negligeab1e。
  It　is　a　great　matter；　in　addition　to　other
  advantages；　to　avoid　the　endless　trouble　and
  the　miscarriages　of　movable　shelves；　the
  looseness；　and　the　tightness；　the　weary　arms；
  the　aching　fingers；　and　the　broken
  fingernails。　But　it　will　be　fairly　asked　what　is　to
  be　done；　when　the　shelves　are　fixed；　with
  volumes　too　large　to　go　into　them？　I　admit
  that　the　dilemma；　when　it　occurs；　is
  formidable。　I　admit　also　that　no　book　ought　to　be
  squeezed　or　even　coaxed　into　its　place：　they
  should　move　easily　both　in　and　out。　And　I
  repeat　here　that　the　plan　I　have
  recommended　requires　a　pretty　exact　knowledge　by
  measurement　of　the　sizes　of　books　and　the
  proportions　in　which　the　several　sizes　will
  demand　accommodation。　The　shelf…spacing
  must　be　reckoned　beforehand；　with　a　good
  deal　of　care　and　no　little　time。　But　I　can
  say　from　experience　that　by　moderate　care
  and　use　this　knowledge　can　be　attained；　and
  that　the　resulting　difficulties；　when　measured
  against　the　aggregate　of　convenience；　are
  really　insignificant。　It　will　be　noticed　that
  my　remarks　are　on　minute　details；　and　that
  they　savor　more　of　serious　handiwork　in　the
  placing　of　books　than　of　lordly　survey　and
  direction。　But　what　man　who　really　loves
  his　books　delegates　to　any　other　human
  being；　as　long　as　there　is　breath　in　his　body；
  the　office　of　inducting　them　into　their　homes？
  And　now　as　to　results。　It　is　something　to
  say　that　in　this　way　10；000　volumes　can　be
  placed　within　a　room　of　quite　ordinary　size；
  all　visible；　all　within　easy　reach；　and　without
  destroying　the　character　of　the　apartment　as
  a　room。　But；　on　the　strength　of　a　case　with
  which　I　am　acquainted；　I　will　even　be　a　little
  more　particular。　I　take　as　before　a　room　of
  forty　feet　in　length　and　twenty　in　breadth；
  thoroughly　lighted　by　four　windows　on　each
  side；　as　high　as　you　please；　but　with　only
  about　nine　feet　of　height　taken　for　the
  bookcases：　inasmuch　as　all　heavy　ladders；　all
  adminicula　requiring　more　than　one　hand　to
  carry　with　care；　are　forsworn。　And　there　is
  no　gallery。　In　the　manner　I　have　described；
  there　may　be　placed　on　the　floor　of　such　a
  room；　without　converting　it　from　a　room　into
  a　warehouse；　bookcases　capable　of　receiving；
  in　round　numbers；　20；000　volumes。
  The　state　of　the　case；　however；　considered
  as　a　whole；　and　especially　with　reference　to
  libraries　exceeding　say　20；000　or　30；000
  volumes；　and　gathering　rapid　accretions；　has
  been　found　to　require　in　extreme　cases；　such
  as　those　of　the　British　Museum　and　the
  Bodleian　（on　its　limited　site）；　a　change　more
  revolutionary　in　its　departure　from；　almost
  reversal　of；　the　ancient　methods；　than　what
  has　been　here　described。
  The　best　description　I　can　give　of　its
  essential　aim；　so　far　as　I　have　seen　the
  processes　（which　were　tentative　and　initial）；　is
  this。　The　masses　represented　by　filled
  bookcases　are　set　one　in　front　of　another；　and；
  in　order　that　access　may　be　had　as　it　is
  required；　they　are　set　upon　trams　inserted　in
  the　floor　（which　must　be　a　strong　one）；　and
  wheeled　off　and　on　as　occasion　requires。
  The　idea　of　the　society　of　books　is　in　a
  case　of　this　kind　abandoned。　But　even　on　this
  there　is　something　to　say。　Neither　all　men
  nor　all　books　are　equally　sociable。　For　my
  part　I　find　but　little　sociabilty　in　a　huge　wall
  of　Hansards；　or　（though　a　great　improvement）
  in　the　Gentleman's　Magazine；　in　the　Annual
  Registers；　in　the　Edinburgh　and　Quarterly
  Reviews；　or　in　the　vast　range　of　volumes
  which　represent　pamphlets　innumerable。　Yet
  each　of　these　and　other　like　items　variously
  present　to　us　the　admissible；　or　the　valuable；
  or　the　indispensable。　Clearly　these　masses；
  and　such　as　these；　ought　to　be　selected　first
  for　what　I　will　not　scruple　to　call　interment。
  It　is　a　burial；　one；　however；　to　which　the
  process　of　cremation　will　never　of　set　purpose
  be　applied。　The　word　I　have　used　is
  dreadful；　but　also　dreadful　is　the　thing。　To　have
  our　dear　old　friends　stowed　away　in
  catacombs；　or　like　the　wine…bottles　in　bins：　the
  simile　is　surely　lawful　until　the　use　of　that
  commodity　shall　have　been　prohibited　by　the
  growing　movement　of　the　time。　But　however
  we　may　gild　the　case　by　a　cheering
  illustration；　or　by　the　remembrance　that　the
  provision　is　one　called　for　only　by　our　excess　of
  wealth；　it　can　hardly　be　contemplated　without
  a　shudder　at　a　process　so　repulsive　applied
  to　the　best　beloved　among　inanimate　objects。
  It　may　be　thought　that　the　gloomy
  perspective　I　am　now　opening　exists　for　great
  public　libraries　alone。　But　public　libraries
  are　multiplying　fast；　and　private　libraries　are
  aspiring　to　the　public　dimensions。　It　may　be
  hoped　that　for　a　long　time　to　come　no　grave
  difficulties　will　arise　in　regard　to　private
  libraries；　meant　for　the　ordinary　use　of　that
  great　majority　of　readers　who　read　only　for
  recreation　or　for　general　improvement。　But
  when　study；　research；　authorship；　come　into
  view；　when　the　history　of　thought　and　of
  inquiry　in　each　of　its　branches；　or　in　any
  considerable　number　of　them；　has　to　be　presented；
  the　necessities　of　the　case　are　terribly
  widened。　Chess　is　a　specialty　and　a　narrow　one。
  But　I　recollect　a　statement　in　the　Quarterly
  Review；　years　back；　that　there　might　be
  formed　a　library　of　twelve　hundred　volumes
  upon　chess。　I　think　my　deceased　friend；　Mr。
  Alfred　Denison；　collected　between　two　and
  three　thousand　upon　angling。　Of　living
  Englishmen　perhaps　Lord　Acton　is　the　most
  effective　and　retentive　reader；　and　for　his
  own　purposes　he　has　gathered　a　library　of
  not　less；　I　believe；　than　100；000　volumes。
  Undoubtedly　the　idea　of　book…cemeteries
  such　as　I　have　supposed　is　very　formidable。
  It　should　be　kept　within　the　limits　of　the　dire
  necessity　which　has　evoked　it　from　the
  underworld　into　the　haunts　of　living　men。　But　it
  will　have　to　be　faced；　and　faced　perhaps
  oftener　than　might　be　supposed。　And　the
  artist　needed　for　the　constructions　it　requires
  will　not　be　so　much　a　librarian　as　a
  warehouseman。
  But　if　we　are　to　have　cemeteries；　they
  ought　to　receive　as　many　bodies　as　possible。
  The　condemned　will　live　ordinarily　in　pitch
  darkness；　yet　so　that　when　wanted；　they　may
  be　called　into　the　light。　Asking　myself　how
  this　can　most　effectively　be　done；　I　have
  arrived　at　the　conclusion　that　nearly　two…thirds；
  or　say　three…fifths；　of　the　whole　cubic
  contents　of　a　properly　constructed　apartment＇12＇
  may　be　made　a　nearly　solid　mass　of　books：
  a　vast　economy　which；　so　far　as　it　is　applied；
  would　probably　quadruple　or　quintuple　the
  efficiency　of　our　repositories　as　to　contents；
  and　prevent　the　population　of　Great　Britain
  from　being　extruded　some　centuries　hence
  into　the　surrounding　waters　by　the　exorbitant
  dimensions　of　their　own　libraries。
  …　The　End　…
  FOOTNOTES：
  1…　In　Der　alte　und　der　neue　Glaube
  2…　xxi；　25。
  3…　First　of　all　it　seems　to　have　referred　to　the　red
  capital　letters　placed　at　the　head　of　chapters　or　other
  divisions　of　works。
  4…　Cic。　Pro　Archia　poeta；　vii。
  5…　Essays　Critical　and　Historical；　ii。　228。
  6…　The　Prayer　Book　recently　issued　by　Mr。　Frowde　at
  the　Clarendon　Press　weighs；　bound　in　morocco；　less
  than　an　once　and　a　quarter。　I　see　it　stated　that　unbound
  it　weighs　three…quarters　of　an　ounce。　Pickering's
  Cattullus；　Tibullus；　and　Propertius　in　leather　binding；
  weighs　an　ounce　and　a　quarter。　His　Dante　weighs　less
  than　a　number　of　the　Times。
  7…　See　Libraries　and　the　Founders　of　Libraries；　by
  B。　Edwards；　1864；　p。　5。　Hallam；　Lit。　Europe。
  8…　Hor。　Ep。　II。　i。　270；　Persius；　i。　48；　Martial；　iv。　lxxxvii。　8。
  9…　Edwards。
  10…　Rouard；　Notice　sur　la　Bibliotheque　d'Aix；　p。　40。
  Quoted　in　Edwards；　p。　34。
  11…　The　Director　of　the　Bibliotheque　Nationale　in　Paris；
  which　I　suppose　still　to　be　the　first　library　in　the
  world；　in　doing　for　me　most　graciously　the　honors　of
  that　noble　establishment；　informed　me　that　they　full…bound
  annually　a　few　scores　of　volumes；　while　they
  half…bound　about　twelve　hundred。　For　all　the　rest
  they　had　to　be　contented　with　a　lower　provision。　And
  France　raises　the　largest　revenue　in　the　world。
  12…　Note　in　illustration。　Let　us　suppose　a　room　28　feet
  by　10；　and　a　little　over　9　feet　high。　Divide　this
  longitudinally　for　a　passage　4　feet　wide。　Let　the　passage
  project　12　to　18　inches　at　each　end　beyond　the　line　of
  the　wall。　Let　th