CYROPAEDIA
  THE　EDUCATION　OF　CYRUS
  BY
  XENOPHON
  Translated　By
  Henry　Graham　Dakyns
  Revised　By
  F。　M。　Stawell
  DEDICATION
  To　Clifton　College
  INTRODUCTION
  A　very　few　words　may　suffice　by　way　of　introduction　to　this
  translation　of　the　Cyropaedia。
  Professor　Jowett；　whose　Plato　represents　the　high…water　mark　of
  classical　translation；　has　given　us　the　following　reminders：　〃An
  English　translation　ought　to　be　idiomatic　and　interesting；　not　only　to
  the　scholar；　but　also　to　the　unlearned　reader。　It　should　read　as　an
  original　work；　and　should　also　be　the　most　faithful　transcript　which
  can　be　made　of　the　language　from　which　the　translation　is　taken；
  consistently　with　the　first　requirement　of　all；　that　it　be　English。
  The　excellence　of　a　translation　will　consist；　not　merely　in　the
  faithful　rendering　of　words；　or　in　the　composition　of　a　sentence　only；
  or　yet　of　a　single　paragraph；　but　in　the　colour　and　style　of　the　whole
  work。〃
  These　tests　may　be　safely　applied　to　the　work　of　Mr。　Dakyns。　An
  accomplished　Greek　scholar；　for　many　years　a　careful　and　sympathetic
  student　of　Xenophon；　and　possessing　a　rare　mastery　of　English　idiom；
  he　was　unusually　well　equipped　for　the　work　of　a　translator。　And　his
  version　will；　as　I　venture　to　think；　be　found　to　satisfy　those
  requirements　of　an　effective　translation　which　Professor　Jowett　laid
  down。　It　is　faithful　to　the　tone　and　spirit　of　the　original；　and　it
  has　the　literary　quality　of　a　good　piece　of　original　English　writing。
  For　these　and　other　reasons　it　should　prove　attractive　and　interesting
  reading　for　the　average　Englishman。
  Xenophon；　it　must　be　admitted；　is　not；　like　Plato；　Thucydides；　or
  Demosthenes；　one　of　the　greatest　of　Greek　writers；　but　there　are
  several　considerations　which　should　commend　him　to　the　general　reader。
  He　is　more　representative　of　the　type　of　man　whom　the　ordinary
  Englishman　specially　admires　and　respects；　than　any　other　of　the　Greek
  authors　usually　read。
  An　Athenian　of　good　social　position；　endowed　with　a　gift　of　eloquence
  and　of　literary　style；　a　pupil　of　Socrates；　a　distinguished　soldier；
  an　historian；　an　essayist；　a　sportsman；　and　a　lover　of　the　country；　he
  represents　a　type　of　country　gentleman　greatly　honoured　in　English
  life；　and　this　should　ensure　a　favourable　reception　for　one　of　his
  chief　works　admirably　rendered　into　idiomatic　English。　And　the
  substance　of　the　/Cyropaedia/；　which　is　in　fact　a　political　romance；
  describing　the　education　of　the　ideal　ruler；　trained　to　rule　as　a
  benevolent　despot　over　his　admiring　and　willing　subjects；　should　add　a
  further　element　of　enjoyment　for　the　reader　of　this　famous　book　in　its
  English　garb。
  J。　HEREFORD。
  EDITOR'S　NOTE
  In　preparing　this　work　for　the　press；　I　came　upon　some　notes　made　by
  Mr。　Dakyns　on　the　margin　of　his　Xenophon。　These　were　evidently　for　his
  own　private　use；　and　are　full　of　scholarly　colloquialisms；　impromptu
  words　humorously　invented　for　the　need　of　the　moment；　and　individual
  turns　of　phrase；　such　as　the　references　to　himself　under　his　initials
  in　small　letters；　〃hgd。〃　Though　plainly　not　intended　for　publication；
  the　notes　are　so　vivid　and　illuminating　as　they　stand　that　I　have
  shrunk　from　putting　them　into　a　more　formal　dress；　believing　that
  here；　as　in　the　best　letters；　the　personal　element　is　bound　up　with
  what　is　most　fresh　and　living　in　the　comment；　most　characteristic　of
  the　writer；　and　most　delightful　both　to　those　who　knew　him　and　to
  those　who　will　wish　they　had。　I　have；　therefore；　only　altered　a　word
  here　and　there；　and　added　a　note　or　two　of　my　own　（always　in　square
  brackets）；　where　it　seemed　necessary　for　the　sake　of　clearness。
  F。　M。　S。
  CYROPAEDIA
  THE　EDUCATION　OF　CYRUS
  BOOK　I
  ＇C。1＇　We　have　had　occasion　before　now　to　reflect　how　often　democracies
  have　been　overthrown　by　the　desire　for　some　other　type　of　government；
  how　often　monarchies　and　oligarchies　have　been　swept　away　by　movements
  of　the　people；　how　often　would…be　despots　have　fallen　in　their　turn；
  some　at　the　outset　by　one　stroke；　while　whose　who　have　maintained
  their　rule　for　ever　so　brief　a　season　are　looked　upon　with　wonder　as
  marvels　of　sagacity　and　success。
  The　same　lesson；　we　had　little　doubt；　was　to　be　learnt　from　the
  family：　the　household　might　be　great　or　smalleven　the　master　of　few
  could　hardly　count　on　the　obedience　of　his　little　flock。　＇2＇　And　so；
  one　idea　leading　to　another；　we　came　to　shape　our　reflexions　thus：
  Drovers　may　certainly　be　called　the　rulers　of　their　cattle　and　horse…
  breeders　the　rulers　of　their　studsall　herdsmen；　in　short；　may
  reasonably　be　considered　the　governors　of　the　animals　they　guard。　If；
  then；　we　were　to　believe　the　evidence　of　our　senses；　was　it　not
  obvious　that　flocks　and　herds　were　more　ready　to　obey　their　keepers
  than　men　their　rulers？　Watch　the　cattle　wending　their　way　wherever
  their　herdsmen　guide　them；　see　them　grazing　in　the　pastures　where　they
  are　sent　and　abstaining　from　forbidden　grounds；　the　fruit　of　their　own
  bodies　they　yield　to　their　master　to　use　as　he　thinks　best；　nor　have
  we　ever　seen　one　flock　among　them　all　combining　against　their
  guardian；　either　to　disobey　him　or　to　refuse　him　the　absolute　control
  of　their　produce。　On　the　contrary；　they　are　more　apt　to　show　hostility
  against　other　animals　than　against　the　owner　who　derives　advantage
  from　them。　But　with　man　the　rule　is　converse；　men　unite　against　none
  so　readily　as　against　those　whom　they　see　attempting　to　rule　over
  them。　＇3＇　As　long；　therefore；　as　we　followed　these　reflexions；　we
  could　not　but　conclude　that　man　is　by　nature　fitted　to　govern　all
  creatures；　except　his　fellow…man。　But　when　we　came　to　realise　the
  character　of　Cyrus　the　Persian；　we　were　led　to　a　change　of　mind：　here
  is　a　man；　we　said；　who　won　for　himself　obedience　from　thousands　of　his
  fellows；　from　cities　and　tribes　innumerable：　we　must　ask　ourselves
  whether　the　government　of　men　is　after　all　an　impossible　or　even　a
  difficult　task；　provided　one　set　about　it　in　the　right　way。　Cyrus；　we
  know；　found　the　readiest　obedience　in　his　subjects；　though　some　of
  them　dwelt　at　a　distance　which　it　would　take　days　and　months　to
  traverse；　and　among　them　were　men　who　had　never　set　eyes　on　him；　and
  for　the　matter　of　that　could　never　hope　to　do　so；　and　yet　they　were
  willing　to　obey　him。　＇4＇　Cyrus　did　indeed　eclipse　all　other　monarchs；
  before　or　since；　and　I　include　not　only　those　who　have　inherited　their
  power；　but　those　who　have　won　empire　by　their　own　exertions。　How　far
  he　surpassed　them　all　may　be　felt　if　we　remember　that　no　Scythian；
  although　the　Scythians　are　reckoned　by　their　myriads；　has　ever
  succeeded　in　dominating　a　foreign　nation；　indeed　the　Scythian　would　be
  well　content　could　he　but　keep　his　government　unbroken　over　his　own
  tribe　and　people。　The　same　is　true　of　the　Thracians　and　the　Illyrians；
  and　indeed　of　all　other　nations　within　our　ken；　in　Europe；　at　any
  rate；　their　condition　is　even　now　one　of　independence；　and　of　such
  separation　as　would　seem　to　be　permanent。　Now　this　was　the　state　in
  which　Cyrus　found　the　tribes　and　peoples　of　Asia　when；　at　the　head　of
  a　small　Persian　force；　he　started　on　his　career。　The　Medes　and　the
  Hyrcanians　accepted　his　leadership　willingly；　but　it　was　through
  conquest　that　he　won　Syria；　Assyria；　Arabia；　Cappadocia；　the　two
  Phrygias；　Lydia；　Caria；　Phoenicia；　and　Babylonia。　Then　he　established
  his　rule　over　the　Bactrians；　Indians；　and　Cilicians；　over　the　Sakians；
  Paphlagonians；　and　Magadidians；　over　a　host　of　other　tribes　the　very
  names　of　which　defy　the　memory　of　the　chronicler；　and　last　of　all　he
  brought　the　Hellenes　in　Asia　beneath　his　sway；　and　by　a　descent　on　the
  seaboard　Cyprus　and　Egypt　also。
  ＇5＇　It　is　obvious　that　among　this　congeries　of　nations　few；　if　any；
  could　have　spoken　the　same　language　as　himself；　or　understood　one
  another；　but　none　the　less　Cyrus　was　able　so　to　penetrate　that　vast
  extent　of　country　by　the　sheer　terror　of　his　personality　that　the
  inhabitants　were　prostrate　before　him：　not　one　of　them　dared　lift　hand
  against　him。　And　yet　he　was　able；　at　the　same　time；　to　inspire　them
  all　with　so　deep　a　desire　to　please　him　and　win　his　favour　that　all
  they　asked　was　to　be　guided　by　his　judgment　and　his　alone。　Thus　he
  knit　to　himself　a　complex　of　nationalities　so　vast　that　it　would　have
  taxed　a　man's　endurance　merely　to　traverse　his　empire　in　any　one
  direction；　east　or　west　or　south　or　north；　from　the　palace　which　was
  its　centre。　For　ourselves；　considering　his　title　to　our　admiration
  proved；　we　set　ourselves　to　inquire　what　his　parentage　might　have　been
  and　his　natural　parts；　and　how　he　was　trained　and　brought　up