第 38 节
作者:嘟嘟      更新:2021-02-20 05:57      字数:9322
  Do   you   think   you   can   take   all   that   away  without putting   anything   in   its
  place?
  Why not?
  If I took all the butter out of the churn; what must I do if I want more
  butter still?
  Put more cream in。
  So; if I want more grass to grow; I must put on the soil more of what
  grass is made of。
  But the butter don't grow; and the grass does。
  What does the grass grow in?
  The soil。
  Yes。    Just as the butter grows in the churn。           So you   must put fresh
  grass…stuff continually into the soil; as you put fresh cream into the churn。
  You have heard the farm men say; 〃That crop has taken a good deal out of
  the land〃?
  Yes。
  Then     they   spoke   exact    truth。   What     will  that   hay   turn  into   by
  Christmas?       Can't you tell?     Into milk; of course; which you will drink;
  and into horseflesh too; which you will use。
  Use horseflesh?       Not eat it?
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  MADAM HOW AND LADY WHY
  No;   we   have   not   got   as   far   as   that。 We   did   not   even   make   up   our
  minds   to   taste   the   Cambridge   donkey。       But   every   time   the   horse   draws
  the carriage; he uses up so much muscle; and that muscle he must get back
  again   by   eating   hay   and   corn;   and   that   hay   and   corn   must   be   put   back
  again into the land by manure; or there will be all the less for the horse
  next year。     For one cannot eat one's cake and keep it too; and no more can
  one eat one's grass。
  So this field is a truly wonderful place。           It is no ugly pile of brick and
  mortar;     with   a  tall  chimney     pouring    out   smoke    and    evil  smells;   with
  unhealthy; haggard people toiling inside。             Why do you look surprised?
  Becausebecause nobody ever said it was。               You mean a manufactory。
  Well; and this hay…field is a manufactory:              only like most of Madam
  How's   workshops;   infinitely   more   beautiful;   as   well   as   infinitely   more
  crafty; than any manufactory of man's building。 It is beautiful to behold;
  and healthy to work in; a joy and blessing alike to the eye; and the mind;
  and the body:       and yet it is a manufactory。
  But a manufactory of what?
  Of milk of course; and cows; and sheep; and horses; and of your body
  and minefor we shall drink the milk and eat the meat。                   And therefore it
  is   a   flesh   and   milk   manufactory。    We   must   put   into   it   every   year   yard…
  stuff;   tank…stuff;   guano;   bones;   and   anything   and   everything   of   that   kin;
  that Madam How may cook it for us into grass; and cook the grass again
  into milk and meat。         But if we don't give Madam How material to work
  on;  we   cannot   expect   her   to   work   for   us。  And   what   do   you   think   will
  happen   then?      She   will   set   to   work   for   herself。 The   rich   grasses   will
  dwindle for want of ammonia (that is smelling salts); and the rich clovers
  for want of phosphates (that is bone…earth):              and in their places will come
  over the bank the old weeds and grass off the moor; which have not room
  to   get   in   now;   because   the   ground   is   coveted   already。    They   want   no
  ammonia nor phosphatesat all events they have none; and that is why the
  cattle   on   the   moor   never   get   fat。   So   they   can   live   where   these    rich
  grasses cannot。       And then they will conquer and thrive; and the Field will
  turn into Wild once more。
  Ah; my child; thank God for your forefathers; when you look over that
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  MADAM HOW AND LADY WHY
  boundary mark。         For the difference between the Field and the Wild is the
  difference between the old England of Madam How's making; and the new
  England which she has taught man to make; carrying on what she had only
  begun and had not time to finish。
  That moor is a pattern bit left to show what the greater part of this land
  was like for long ages after it had risen out of the sea; when there was little
  or nothing on the flat upper moors save heaths; and ling; and club…mosses;
  and soft gorse; and needle… whin; and creeping willows; and furze and fern
  upon the brows; and in the bottoms oak and ash; beech and alder; hazel
  and   mountain   ash;   holly   and   thorn;   with   here   and   there   an   aspen   or   a
  buckthorn (berry…bearing alder as you call it); and everywherewhere he
  could    thrust   down   his    long   root;  and   thrust   up  his   long  shoots    that
  intruding conqueror and insolent tyrant; the bramble。                There were sedges
  and   rushes;   too;   in   the   bogs;   and   coarse   grass   on   the   forest   pasturesor
  〃leas〃 as we call them to this day round here… …but no real green fields; and;
  I suspect; very few gay flowers; save in spring the sheets of golden gorse;
  and in summer the purple heather。            Such was old Englandor rather; such
  was this land before it was England; a far sadder; damper; poorer land than
  now。     For one man or one cow or sheep which could have lived on it then;
  a hundred can live now。          And yet; what it was once; that it might become
  again;it surely would round here; if this brave English people died out of
  it; and the land was left to itself once more。
  What would happen then; you may guess for yourself; from what you
  see happen whenever the land is left to itself; as it is in the wood above。
  In   that   wood   you   can   still   see   the   grass   ridges   and   furrows   which   show
  that it was once ploughed and sown by man; perhaps as late as the time of
  Henry the Eighth; when a great deal of poor land; as you will read some
  day;   was   thrown   out   of   tillage;   to   become   forest   and   down   once   more。
  And what is the mount now?            A jungle of oak and beech; cherry and holly;
  young and old all growing up together; with the mountain ash and bramble
  and furze coming up so fast beneath them; that we have to cut the paths
  clear   again   year   by   year。   Why;   even   the   little   cow…wheat;   a   very   old…
  world plant; which only grows in ancient woods; has found its way back
  again;   I   know   not   whence;   and   covers   the   open   spaces   with   its   pretty
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  MADAM HOW AND LADY WHY
  yellow and white flowers。         Man had conquered this mount; you see; from
  Madam How; hundreds of years ago。                And she always lets man conquer
  her; because Lady Why wishes man to conquer:                 only he must have a fair
  fight with Madam How first; and try his strength against hers to the utmost。
  So man conquered the wood for a while; and it became cornfield instead
  of forest:    but he was not strong and wise enough three hundred years ago
  to keep what he had conquered; and back came Madam How; and took the
  place into her own hands; and bade the old forest trees and plants come
  back   againas   they   would   come   if   they   were   not   stopped   year   by   year;
  down   from   the   wood;   over   the   pastureskilling   the   rich   grasses   as   they
  went; till they met another forest coming up from below; and fought it for
  many a year; till both made peace; and lived quietly side by side for ages。
  Another forest coming up from below?              Where would it come from?
  From   where   it   is   now。  Come   down   and   look   along   the   brook;   and
  every drain and grip which runs into the brook。             What is here?
  Seedling alders; and some withies among them。
  Very   well。    You   know   how   we   pull   these   alders   up;   and   cut   them
  down; and yet they continually come again。                Now; if we and all human
  beings were to leave this pasture for a few hundred years; would not those
  alders increase into a wood?           Would they not kill the grass; and spread
  right and   left; seeding themselves more   and more   as the grass died;  and
  left the ground bare; till they met the oaks and beeches coming down the
  hill?    And then would begin a great fight; for years and years; between
  oak and beech against alder and willow。
  But how  can trees fight?         Could they  move   or beat   each other   with
  their boughs?
  Not   quite   that;   though   they   do   beat   each   other   with   their   boughs;
  fiercely enough; in a gale of wind; and then the trees who have strong and
  stiff boughs wound those who have brittle and limp boughs; and so hurt
  them; and if the storms