第 30 节
作者:嘟嘟      更新:2021-02-20 05:57      字数:9322
  water   in   which   they   settled   must   have   been   quite   still;   or   these   little
  delicate   creatures   would   have   been   ground   into   powderor   rather   into
  paste。    Therefore learned men soon made up their minds that these things
  were laid down at the bottom of a deep sea; so deep that neither wind; nor
  tide; nor currents could stir the everlasting calm。
  Ah! it is worth thinking over; for it shows how shrewd a giant Analysis
  is; and how fast he works in these days; now that he has got free and well
  fed;worth thinking over; I say; how our notions about these little atomies
  have changed during the last forty years。
  We used to find them sometimes washed up among the sea…sand on the
  wild Atlantic coast; and we were taught; in the days when old Dr。 Turton
  was   writing   his book   on British   shells   at   Bideford;  to   call   them  Nautili;
  because   their   shells   were   like   Nautilus   shells。    Men   did   not   know   then
  that the animal which lives in them is no more like a Nautilus animal than
  it is like a cow。
  For  a   Nautilus;  you   must   know;   is   made   like   a  cuttlefish;   with   eyes;
  and strong jaws for biting; and arms round them; and has a heart; and gills;
  and a stomach; and is altogether a very well… made beast; and; I suspect; a
  terrible tyrant to little fish and sea…slugs; just as the cuttlefish is。             But the
  creatures   which   live   in   these   little   shells   are   about   the   least   finished   of
  Madam How's works。              They have neither mouth nor stomach; eyes nor
  limbs。  They   are   mere   live   bags   full   of   jelly;   which   can   take   almost   any
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  shape they like; and thrust out armsor what serve for arms through the
  holes in their shells; and then contract them into themselves again; as this
  Globigerina   does。       What   they  feed   on;   how   they  grow;   how   they  make
  their exquisitely…formed shells; whether; indeed; they are; strictly speaking;
  animals   or   vegetables;  Analysis   has   not   yet   found   out。     But   when   you
  come to read about them; you will find that they; in their own way; are just
  as wonderful and mysterious as a butterfly or a rose; and just as necessary;
  likewise; to Madam How's work; for out of them; as I told you; she makes
  whole sheets of down; whole ranges of hills。
  No one knew anything; I believe; about them; save that two or three
  kinds     of  them    were   found    in  chalk;   till  a  famous    Frenchman;      called
  D'Orbigny; just thirty years ago; told the world how he had found many
  beautiful fresh kinds; and; more strange still; that some of these kinds were
  still alive at the bottom of the Adriatic; and of the harbour of Alexandria;
  in Egypt。
  Then   in   1841   a   gentleman   named   Edward   Forbes;now   with   God
  whose   name   will   be   for   ever   dear   to   all   who   love   science;   and   honour
  genius   and   virtue;  found   in   the AEgean   Sea  〃a   bed   of  chalk;〃   he   said;
  〃full of Foraminifera; and shells of Pteropods;〃 forming at the bottom of
  the sea。
  And what are Pteropods?
  What   you   might   call   sea…moths   (though   they   are   not   really   moths);
  which swim about on the surface of the water; while the right… whales suck
  them in tens of thousands into the great whalebone net which fringes their
  jaws。     Here   are   drawings   of   them。    1。   Limacina   (on   which   the   whales
  feed); and 2。 Hyalea; a lovely little thing in a glass shell; which lives in the
  Mediterranean。
  But since then strange discoveries have been made; especially by the
  naval officers who surveyed the bottom of the great Atlantic Ocean before
  laying down the electric cable between Ireland and America。                    And this is
  what they found:
  That   at   the   bottom   of   the   Atlantic   were   vast   plains   of   soft   mud;   in
  some places 2500 fathoms (15;000 feet) deep; that is; as deep as the Alps
  are   high。    And   more:      they   found   out;   to   their   surprise;   that   the   oozy
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  mud   of   the Atlantic   floor   was   made   up   almost   entirely  of   just   the   same
  atomies as make up our chalk; especially globigerinas; that; in fact; a vast
  bed of chalk was now forming at the bottom of the Atlantic; with living
  shells and sea…animals of the most brilliant colours crawling about on it in
  black darkness; and beds of sponges growing out of it; just as the sponges
  grew at the bottom of the old chalk ocean; and were all; generation after
  generation; turned into flints。
  And; for reasons which you will hardly understand; men are beginning
  now to believe that the chalk has never ceased to be made; somewhere or
  other; for many thousand years; ever since the Winchester Downs were at
  the   bottom   of   the   sea:  and   that   〃the   Globigerina…mud   is   not   merely A
  chalk formation; but a continuation of THE chalk formation; so THAT WE
  MAY BE SAID TO BE STILL LIVING IN THE AGE OF CHALK。〃 {1}
  Ah; my little man; what would I not give to see you; before I die; add one
  such thought as that to the sum of human knowledge!
  So there the little creatures have been lying; making chalk out of the
  lime in the sea…water; layer over layer; the young over the old; the dead
  over the living; year after year; age after agefor how long?
  Who can tell?       How deep the layer of new chalk at the bottom of the
  Atlantic is; we can never know。           But the layer of live atomies on it is not
  an inch thick; probably not a tenth of an inch。            And if it grew a tenth of an
  inch a year; or even a whole inch; how many years must it have taken to
  make   the   chalk   of   our   downs;   which   is   in   some   parts   1300   feet   thick?
  How   many   inches   are   there   in   1300   feet?    Do   that   sum;   and   judge   for
  yourself。
  One   difference   will   be   found   between   the   chalk   now   forming   at   the
  bottom of the ocean; if it ever become dry land; and the chalk on which
  you   tread   on   the   downs。    The   new   chalk   will   be   full   of   the   teeth   and
  bones   of   whaleswarm…blooded   creatures;   who   suckle   their   young   like
  cows;   instead   of   laying   eggs;   like   birds   and   fish。  For   there   were   no
  whales in the old chalk ocean; but our modern oceans are full of cachalots;
  porpoises; dolphins; swimming in shoals round any ship; and their bones
  and teeth; and still more their ear…bones; will drop to the bottom as they
  die; and be found; ages hence; in the mud which the live atomies make;
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  MADAM HOW AND LADY WHY
  along with wrecks of mighty ships
  〃Great anchors; heaps of pearl;〃
  and all that man has lost in the deep seas。     And sadder fossils yet;
  my child; will be scattered on those white plains:…
  〃To them the love of woman hath gone down; Dark roll their waves
  o'er manhood's noble head。 O'er youth's bright locks; and beauty's flowing
  crown; Yet shall they hear a voice; 'Restore the dead。' Earth shall reclaim
  her precious things from thee。 Give back the dead; thou Sea!〃
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  MADAM HOW AND LADY WHY
  CHAPTER IX
  THE CORAL…REEF
  Now you want to know what I meant when I talked of a bit of lime
  going    out   to  sea;  and  forming    part   of  a  coral  island;  and   then   of  a
  limestone rock; and then of a marble statue。            Very good。       Then look at
  this stone。
  What a curious stone!        Did it come from any place near here?
  No。     It came from near Dudley; in Staffordshire; where the soils are
  worlds on worlds older than they are here; though they were made in the
  same way as these and all other soils。         But you are not listening to me。
  Why; the stone is full of shells; and bits of coral; and what are these
  wonderful things coiled and tangled together; like the snakes in Medusa's
  hair in the picture?     Are they snakes?
  If they are; then they must be snakes who have all one head; for see;
  they    are  joined   together    at  their  larger  ends;   and   snakes   which    are
  branched; too; which no snake ever was。
  Yes。    I suppose they are not snakes。         And they grow out of a flower;
  too; and it has a stalk; jointed; too; as plants sometimes are;