第 12 节
作者:嘟嘟      更新:2021-02-20 05:57      字数:9321
  or more than half of the side of the old crater had been blown away; and
  what   was   left;   which   is   now   called   the   Monte   Somma;   stands   in   a   half
  circle round the new cone and new crater which is burning at this very day。
  True; after that eruption which killed Pliny; Vesuvius fell asleep again; and
  did not awake for 134 years; and then again for 269 years but it has been
  growing   more   and   more   restless   as   the   ages   have   passed   on;   and   now
  hardly   a   year   passes   without   its   sending   out   smoke   and   stones   from   its
  crater; and streams of lava from its sides。
  And now; I suppose; you will want to know what a volcano is like; and
  what a cone; and a crater; and lava are?
  What a volcano is like; it is easy enough to show you; for they are the
  most simply and beautifully shaped of all mountains; and they are alike all
  over the world; whether they be large or small。 Almost every volcano in
  the world; I believe; is; or has been once; of the shape which you see in the
  drawing opposite; even those volcanos in the Sandwich Islands; of which
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  you have often heard; which are now great lakes of boiling fire upon flat
  downs;   without   any   cone   to   them   at   all。  They;   I   believe;   are   volcanos
  which have fallen in ages ago:           just as in Java a whole burning mountain
  fell in on the night of the 11th of August; in the year 1772。                Then; after a
  short and terrible earthquake; a bright cloud suddenly covered the whole
  mountain。       The people who dwelt around it tried to escape; but before the
  poor souls could get away the earth sunk beneath their feet; and the whole
  mountain   fell   in   and   was   swallowed   up   with   a   noise   as   if   great   cannon
  were being fired。 Forty  villages and nearly  3000 people were destroyed;
  and where the mountain had been was only a plain of red…hot stones。                       In
  the same way; in the year 1698; the top of a mountain in Quito fell in in a
  single night; leaving only two immense peaks of rock behind; and pouring
  out great floods of mud mixed with dead fish; for there are underground
  lakes among those volcanos which swarm with little fish which never see
  the light。
  But   most   volcanos   as   I   say;   are;   or   have   been;   the   shape   of   the   one
  which you see here。         This is Cotopaxi; in Quito; more than 19;000 feet in
  height。     All   those   sloping   sides   are   made   of   cinders   and   ashes;   braced
  together; I suppose; by bars of solid lava…stone inside; which prevent the
  whole from crumbling down。 The upper part; you see; is white with snow;
  as far down as a line which is 15;000 feet above the sea; for the mountain
  is in the tropics; close to the equator; and the snow will not lie in that hot
  climate   any   lower   down。       But   now   and   then   the   snow   melts   off   and
  rushes   down   the   mountain   side   in   floods   of   water   and   of   mud;   and   the
  cindery cone of Cotopaxi stands out black and dreadful against the clear
  blue sky; and then the people of that country know what is coming。                      The
  mountain is growing so hot inside that it melts off its snowy covering; and
  soon   it   will   burst   forth   with   smoke   and   steam;   and   red…hot   stones   and
  earthquakes; which will shake the ground; and roars that will be heard; it
  may be; hundreds of miles away。
  And     now    for  the   words    cone;    crater;  lava。    If   I  can   make    you
  understand those words; you will see why volcanos must be in general of
  the shape of Cotopaxi。
  Cone;   crater;   lava:    those   words   make   up   the   alphabet   of   volcano
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  learning。      The   cone   is   the   outside   of   a   huge   chimney;   the   crater   is   the
  mouth   of   it。   The   lava   is   the   ore   which   is   being   melted   in   the   furnace
  below; that it may flow out over the surface of the old land; and make new
  land instead。
  And where is the furnace itself?           Who can tell that?        Under the roots
  of the mountains; under the depths of the sea; down 〃the path which no
  fowl    knoweth;      and   which    the  vulture's    eye   hath   not  seen:    the   lion's
  whelp   hath   not   trodden   it;   nor   the   fierce   lion   passed   by   it。 There   He
  putteth forth His hand upon the rock; He overturneth the mountain by the
  roots;   He   cutteth   out   rivers   among   the   rocks;   and   His   eye   seeth   every
  precious   thing〃while   we;   like   little   ants;   run   up   and   down   outside   the
  earth; scratching; like ants; a few feet down; and calling that a deep ravine;
  or peeping a few feet down into the crater of a volcano; unable to guess
  what precious things may lie belowbelow even the fire which blazes and
  roars up through the thin crust of the earth。            For of the inside of this earth
  we   know   nothing   whatsoever:         we   only  know   that   it   is;   on   an   average;
  several times as heavy as solid rock; but how that can be; we know not。
  So let us look at the chimney; and what comes out of it; for we can see
  very little more。
  Why is a volcano like a cone?
  For the same cause for which a molehill is like a cone; though a very
  rough one; and that the little heaps which the burrowing beetles make on
  the   moor;   or   which     the   ant…lions   in   France   make   in   the   sand;   are   all
  something in the shape of a cone; with a hole like a crater in the middle。
  What the beetle and the ant…lion do on a very little scale; the steam inside
  the earth does on a great scale。           When once it has forced a vent into the
  outside air; it tears out the rocks underground; grinds them small against
  each other; often into the finest dust; and blasts them out of the hole which
  it has made。      Some of them fall back into the hole; and are shot out again:
  but most of them fall round the hole; most of them close to it; and fewer of
  them farther off; till they are piled up in a ring round it; just as the sand is
  piled up round a beetle's burrow。            For days; and weeks; and months this
  goes on; even it may be for hundreds of years:                till a great cone is formed
  round the steam vent; hundreds or thousands of feet in height; of dust and
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  stones;  and   of   cinders   likewise。     For   recollect;   that   when   the  steam  has
  blown   away   the   cold   earth   and   rock   near   the   surface   of   the   ground;   it
  begins blowing out the hot rocks down below; red…hot; white…hot; and at
  last actually melted。        But these; as they are hurled into the cool air above;
  become   ashes;   cinders;   and   blocks   of   stone   again;   making   the   hill   on
  which      they   fall  bigger   and    bigger   continually。      And     thus   does   wise
  Madam   How   stand   in   no   need   of   bricklayers;   but   makes   her   chimneys
  build themselves。
  And why is the mouth of the chimney called a crater?
  Crater;   as   you   know;   is   Greek   for   a   cup。 And   the   mouth   of   these
  chimneys; when they have become choked and stopped working; are often
  just   the   shape   of   a   cup;   or   (as   the   Germans   call   them)   kessels;   which
  means kettles; or caldrons。          I have seen some of them as beautifully and
  exactly rounded as if a cunning engineer had planned them; and had them
  dug   out   with   the   spade。    At   first;   of   course;   their   sides   and   bottom   are
  nothing but loose stones; cinders; slag; ashes; such as would be thrown out
  of a furnace。 But Madam How; who; whenever she makes an ugly desolate
  place; always tries to cover over its ugliness; and set something green to
  grow over it; and make it pretty once more; does so often and often by her
  worn…out craters。        I have seen them covered with short sweet turf; like so
  many chalk downs。           I have seen them; too; filled with bushes; which held
  woodcocks and wild boars。 Once I came on a beautiful round crater on the
  top of a mountain; which was filled at the bottom with a splendid crop of
  potatoes。 Though Madam How had not put them there herself; she had at
  least   taught   the   honest   Germans   to   put   them   there。    And   often   Madam
  How   turns   her   worn…out   craters   into   beautiful   lakes。       There   are   many
  such crater…lakes in Italy; as you will