第 9 节
作者:嘟嘟      更新:2021-02-20 05:57      字数:9322
  snap;   and     crack;   with   frightful   roar   and   clang;    then   out   of   holes  and
  chasms in the ground rush steam; gasesoften foul and poisonous ones
  hot water; mud; flame; strange stonesall signs that the great boiler down
  below has burst at last。
  Then the strain is eased。           The earth sinks together again; as the ball
  did   when   it   was   pricked;   and   sinks   lower;   perhaps;   than   it   was   before:
  and back rushes the sea; which the earth had thrust away while it rose; and
  sweeps in; destroying all before it。
  Of   course;   there   is   a   great   deal   more   to   be   said   about   all   this:   but   I
  have   no   time   to   tell   you   now。  You   will   read   it;   I   hope;   for   yourselves
  when you grow up; in the writings of far wiser men than I。                       Or perhaps
  you   may feel for yourselves in foreign lands the actual shock of a   great
  earthquake;   or   see   its   work   fresh   done   around   you。        And   if   ever   that
  happens;      and   you    be  preserved     during    the   danger;    you   will   learn   for
  yourself; I trust; more about earthquakes than I can teach you; if you will
  only bear in mind the simple general rules for understanding the 〃how〃 of
  them which I have given you here。
  But you do not seem satisfied yet?             What is it that you want to know?
  27
  … Page 28…
  MADAM HOW AND LADY WHY
  Oh!     There was an earthquake here in England the other night; while
  you   were   asleep;   and   that   seems   to   you   too   near   to   be   pleasant。 Will
  there ever be earthquakes in England which will throw houses down; and
  bury people in the ruins?
  My dear child; I think you may set your heart at rest upon that point。
  As   far   as   the   history   of   England   goes   back;   and   that   is   more   than   a
  thousand years; there is no account of any earthquake which has done any
  serious   damage;   or   killed;   I   believe;   a   single   human   being。   The   little
  earthquakes which are sometimes felt in England run generally up one line
  of country; from Devonshire through Wales; and up the Severn valley into
  Cheshire and Lancashire; and the south…west of Scotland; and they are felt
  more smartly there; I believe; because the rocks are harder there than here;
  and more tossed about by earthquakes which happened ages and ages ago;
  long before man lived on the earth。             I will show you the work of these
  earthquakes some day; in the tilting and twisting of the layers of rock; and
  in   the   cracks   (faults;  as  they   are   called)   which    run   through    them    in
  different   directions。     I   showed   you   some   once;   if   you   recollect;   in   the
  chalk cliff at Ramsgatetwo set of cracks; sloping opposite ways; which I
  told you were made by two separate sets of earthquakes; long; long ago;
  perhaps while the chalk was still at the bottom of a deep sea。                But even in
  the rocky parts of England the earthquake…force seems to have all but died
  out。    Perhaps the crust of the earth has become too thick and solid there
  to be much shaken by the gases and steam below。                  In this eastern part of
  England; meanwhile; there is but little chance that an earthquake will ever
  do much harm; because the ground here; for thousands of feet down; is not
  hard and rocky; but softsands; clays; chalk; and sands again; clays; soft
  limestones;      and   clays   againwhich      all  act   as  buffers   to   deaden    the
  earthquake shocks; and deaden too the earthquake noise。
  And how?
  Put your ear to one end of a soft bolster; and let some one hit the other
  end。     You   will   hear   hardly  any  noise;   and   will not   feel   the   blow  at   all。
  Put your ear to one end of a hard piece of wood; and let some one hit the
  other。     You   will   hear   a   smart   tap;   and   perhaps   feel   a   smart   tap;   too。
  When you are older; and learn the laws of sound; and of motion among the
  28
  … Page 29…
  MADAM HOW AND LADY WHY
  particles   of   bodies;   you   will   know   why。     Meanwhile   you   may   comfort
  yourself with the thought that Madam How has (doubtless by command of
  Lady Why) prepared a safe soft bed for this good people of Britainnot
  that they  may  lie   and   sleep on   it; but   work   and till;  plant   and build   and
  manufacture; and thrive in peace and comfort; we will trust and pray; for
  many   a   hundred   years   to   come。      All   that   the   steam   inside   the   earth   is
  likely to do to us; is to raise parts of this island (as Hartford Bridge Flats
  were raised; ages ago; out of the old icy sea) so slowly; probably; that no
  man can tell whether they are rising or not。                Or again; the steam…power
  may be even now dying out under our island; and letting parts of it sink
  slowly  into   the  sea;   as   some   wise   friends   of   mine   think   that   the   fens   in
  Norfolk and Cambridgeshire are sinking now。                   I have shown you where
  that kind of work has gone on in Norfolk; how the brow of Sandringham
  Hill was once a sea…cliff; and Dersingham Bog at its foot a shallow sea;
  and   therefore   that   the   land   has   risen   there。   How;   again;   at   Hunstanton
  Station there is a beach of sea…shells twenty feet above high…water mark;
  showing   that the   land   has   risen   there   likewise。     And   how;  farther   north
  again; at Brancaster; there are forests of oak; and fir; and alder; with their
  roots still in the  soil; far below high…water  mark; and only uncovered   at
  low   tide;   which   is   a   plain   sign   that   there   the   land   has   sunk。 You   surely
  recollect     the  sunken     forest  at  Brancaster;     and   the   beautiful   shells   we
  picked up in its gullies; and the millions of live Pholases boring into the
  clay and peat which once was firm dry land; fed over by giant oxen; and
  giant    stags   likewise;    and   perhaps    by   the  mammoth       himself;    the   great
  woolly elephant whose teeth the fishermen dredge up in the sea outside?
  You     recollect    that?   Then     remember       that  as   that  Norfolk     shore    has
  changed;   so   slowly   but   surely   is   the   whole   world   changing   around   us。
  Hartford Bridge Flat here; for instance; how has it changed!                   Ages ago it
  was   the   gravelly   bottom   of   a   sea。   Then   the   steam…power   underground
  raised it up slowly; through long ages; till it became dry land。                  And ages
  hence; perhaps; it will have become a sea… bottom once more。                        Washed
  slowly     by    the  rain;   or   sunk   by    the  dying    out   of   the   steam…power
  underground;   it   will   go   down   again   to   the   place   from   whence   it   came。
  Seas will roll where we stand now; and new lands will rise where seas now
  29
  … Page 30…
  MADAM HOW AND LADY WHY
  roll。   For   all   things   on   this   earth;   from   the   tiniest   flower   to   the   tallest
  mountain; change and change all day long。              Every atom of matter moves
  perpetually;     and   nothing    〃continues    in  one   stay。〃   The    solid…seeming
  earth on which you stand is but a heaving bubble; bursting ever and anon
  in this place and in that。      Only above all; and through all; and with all; is
  One who does not move nor change; but is the same yesterday; to…day; and
  for ever。    And on Him; my child; and not on this bubble of an earth; do
  you and I; and all mankind; depend。
  But I have not yet told you why the Peruvians ought to have expected
  an earthquake。       True。    I will tell you another time。
  30
  … Page 31…
  MADAM HOW AND LADY WHY
  CHAPTER III
  VOLCANOS
  You want to know why the Spaniards in Peru and Ecuador should have
  expected an earthquake。
  Because they had had so many already。            The shaking of the ground in
  their country had gone on perpetually; till they had almost ceased to care
  about it; always hoping that no very heavy shock would come; and being;
  now and then; terribly mistaken。
  For instance; in the province of Quito; in the year 1797; from thirty to
  forty thousand people were killed at once by an earthquake。                One would
  have thought that warning enough:           but the warning was not taken:          and
  now;   this   very   year;   thousan