when　he　has　spoken；　I　will　say；　in　my　turn；　〃Nobody　is　king；　we　are；　whether　we　will　or　no；　associated。〃　　Every　question　of　domestic　politics　must　be　decided　by　departmental　statistics；　every　question　of　foreign　politics　is　an　affair　of　international　statistics。　　The　science　of　government　rightly　belongs　to　one　of　the　sections　of　the　Academy　of　Sciences；　whose　permanent　secretary　is　necessarily　prime　minister；　and；　since　every　citizen　may　address　a　memoir　to　the　Academy；　every　citizen　is　a　legislator。　　But；　as　the　opinion　of　no　one　is　of　any　value　until　its　truth　has　been　proven；　no　one　can　substitute　his　will　for　reason；nobody　is　king。
  ＇1＇　　The　meaning　ordinarily　attached　to　the　word　〃anarchy〃　is　absence　of　principle；　absence　of　rule；　consequently；　it　has　been　regarded　as　synonymous　with　〃disorder。〃
  All　questions　of　legislation　and　politics　are　matters　of　science；　not　of　opinion。　　The　legislative　power　belongs　only　to　the　reason；　methodically　recognized　and　demonstrated。　　To　attribute　to　any　power　whatever　the　right　of　veto　or　of　sanction；　is　the　last　degree　of　tyranny。　　Justice　and　legality　are　two　things　as　independent　of　our　approval　as　is　mathematical　truth。　　To　compel；　they　need　only　to　be　known；　to　be　known；　they　need　only　to　be　considered　and　studied。　　What；　then；　is　the　nation；　if　it　is　not　the　sovereign；if　it　is　not　the　source　of　the　legislative　power？
  The　nation　is　the　guardian　of　the　lawthe　nation　is　the　EXECUTIVE　POWER。　　Every　citizen　may　assert：　　〃This　is　true；　that　is　just；　〃but　his　opinion　controls　no　one　but　himself。　　That　the　truth　which　he　proclaims　may　become　a　law；　it　must　be　recognized。　　Now；　what　is　it　to　recognize　a　law？　　It　is　to　verify　a　mathematical　or　a　metaphysical　calculation；　it　is　to　repeat　an　experiment；　to　observe　a　phenomenon；　to　establish　a　fact。　　Only　the　nation　has　the　right　to　say；　〃Be　it　known　and　decreed。〃
  I　confess　that　this　is　an　overturning　of　received　ideas；　and　that　I　seem　to　be　attempting　to　revolutionize　our　political　system；　but　I　beg　the　reader　to　consider　that；　having　begun　with　a　paradox；　I　must；　if　I　reason　correctly；　meet　with　paradoxes　at　every　step；　and　must　end　with　paradoxes。　　For　the　rest；　I　do　not　see　how　the　liberty　of　citizens　would　be　endangered　by　entrusting　to　their　hands；　instead　of　the　pen　of　the　legislator；　the　sword　of　the　law。　　The　executive　power；　belonging　properly　to　the　will；　cannot　be　confided　to　too　many　proxies。　　That　is　the　true　sovereignty　of　the　nation。＇1＇
  ＇1＇　　If　such　ideas　are　ever　forced　into　the　minds　of　the　people；　it　will　be　by　representative　government　and　the　tyranny　of　talkers。　　Once　science；　thought；　and　speech　were　characterized　by　the　same　expression。　　To　designate　a　thoughtful　and　a　learned　man；　they　said；　〃a　man　quick　to　speak　and　powerful　in　discourse。　　〃For　a　long　time；　speech　has　been　abstractly　distinguished　from　science　and　reason。　　Gradually；　this　abstraction　is　becoming　realized；　as　the　logicians　say；　in　society；　so　that　we　have　to…　day　savants　of　many　kinds　who　talk　but　little；　and　TALKERS　who　are　not　even　savants　in　the　science　of　speech。　　Thus　a　philosopher　is　no　longer　a　savant：　he　is　a　talker。　　Legislators　and　poets　were　once　profound　and　sublime　characters：　now　they　are　talkers。　　A　talker　is　a　sonorous　bell；　whom　the　least　shock　suffices　to　set　in　perpetual　motion。　　With　the　talker；　the　flow　of　speech　is　always　directly　proportional　to　the　poverty　of　thought。　　Talkers　govern　the　world；　they　stun　us；　they　bore　us；　they　worry　us；　they　suck　our　blood；　and　laugh　at　us。　　As　for　the　savants；　they　keep　silence：　if　they　wish　to　say　a　word；　they　are　cut　short。　　Let　them　write。
  The　proprietor；　the　robber；　the　hero；　the　sovereignfor　all　these　titles　are　synonymousimposes　his　will　as　law；　and　suffers　neither　contradiction　nor　control；　that　is；　he　pretends　to　be　the　legislative　and　the　executive　power　at　once。　　Accordingly；　the　substitution　of　the　scientific　and　true　law　for　the　royal　will　is　accomplished　only　by　a　terrible　struggle；　and　this　constant　substitution　is；　after　property；　the　most　potent　element　in　history；　the　most　prolific　source　of　political　disturbances。　　Examples　are　too　numerous　and　too　striking　to　require　enumeration。
  Now；　property　necessarily　engenders　despotism；the　government　of　caprice；　the　reign　of　libidinous　pleasure。　　That　is　so　clearly　the　essence　of　property　that；　to　be　convinced　of　it；　one　need　but　remember　what　it　is；　and　observe　what　happens　around　him。　　Property　is　the　right　to　USE　and　ABUSE。　　If；　then；　government　is　economy；if　its　object　is　production　and　consumption；　and　the　distribution　of　labor　and　products；how　is　government　possible　while　property　exists？　　And　if　goods　are　property；　why　should　not　the　proprietors　be　kings；　and　despotic　kingskings　in　proportion　to　their　_facultes　bonitaires_？　　And　if　each　proprietor　is　sovereign　lord　within　the　sphere　of　his　property；　absolute　king　throughout　his　own　domain；　how　could　a　government　of　proprietors　be　any　thing　but　chaos　and　confusion？
  ％　3。Determination　of　the　third　form　of　Society。　　Conclusion。
  Then；　no　government；　no　public　economy；　no　administration；　is　possible；　which　is　based　upon　property。
  Communism　seeks　EQUALITY　and　LAW。　　Property；　born　of　the　sovereignty　of　the　reason；　and　the　sense　of　personal　merit；　wishes　above　all　things　INDEPENDENCE　and　PROPORTIONALITY。
  But　communism；　mistaking　uniformity　for　law；　and　levelism　for　equality；　becomes　tyrannical　and　unjust。　　Property；　by　its　despotism　and　encroachments；　soon　proves　itself　oppressive　and　anti…social。
  The　objects　of　communism　and　property　are　goodtheir　results　are　bad。　　And　why？　　Because　both　are　exclusive；　and　each　disregards　two　elements　of　society。　　Communism　rejects　independence　and　proportionality；　property　does　not　satisfy　equality　and　law。
  Now；　if　we　imagine　a　society　based　upon　these　four　principles；　equality；　law；　independence；　and　proportionality；we　find：
  1。　That　EQUALITY；　consisting　only　in　EQUALITY　OF　CONDITIONS；　that　is；　OF　MEANS；　and　not　in　EQUALITY　OF　COMFORT；　which　it　is　the　business　of　the　laborers　to　achieve　for　themselves；　when　provided　with　equal　means；in　no　way　violates　justice　and　equite。
  2。　That　LAW；　resulting　from　the　knowledge　of　facts；　and　consequently　based　upon　necessity　itself；　never　clashes　with　independence。
  3。　That　individual　INDEPENDENCE；　or　the　autonomy　of　the　private　reason；　originating　in　the　difference　in　talents　and　capacities；　can　exist　without　danger　within　the　limits　of　the　law。
  4。　That　PROPORTIONALITY；　being　admitted　only　in　the　sphere　of　intelligence　and　sentiment；　and　not　as　regards　material　objects；　may　be　observed　without　violating　justice　or　social　equality。
  This　third　form　of　society；　the　synthesis　of　communism　and　property；　we　will　call　LIBERTY。＇1＇
  ＇1＇　　_libertas；　librare；　libratio；　libra_；liberty；　to　liberate；　libration；　balance　（pound）；words　which　have　a　common　derivation。　　Liberty　is　the　balance　of　rights　and　duties。　　To　make　a　man　free　is　to　balance　him　with　others；that　is；　to　put　him　or　their　level。
  In　determining　the　nature　of　liberty；　we　do　not　unite　communism　and　property　indiscriminately；　such　a　process　would　be　absurd　eclecticism。　　We　search　by　analysis　for　those　elements　in　each　which　are　true；　and　in　harmony　with　the　laws　of　Nature　and　society；　disregarding　the　rest　altogether；　and　the　result　gives　us　an　adequate　expression　of　the　natural　form　of　human　society；　in　one　word；　liberty。
  Liberty　is　equality；　because　liberty　exists　only　in　society；　and　in　the　absence　of　equality　there　is　no　society。
  Liberty　is　anarchy；　because　it　does　not　admit　the　government　of　the　will；　but　only　the　authority　of　the　law；　that　is；　of　necessity。
  Liberty　is　infinite　variety；　because　it　respects　all　wills　within　the　limits　of　the　law。
  Liberty　is　proportionality；　because　it　allows　the　utmost　latitude　to　the　ambition　for　merit；　and　the　emulation　of　glory。
  We　can　now　say；　in　the　words　of　M。　Cousin：　　〃Our　principle　is　true；　it　is　good；　it　is　social；　let　us　not　fear　to　push　it　to　its　ultimate。〃
  Man's　social　nature　becoming　JUSTICE　through　reflection；　EQUITE　through　the　classification　of　capacities；　and　having　LIBERTY　for　its　formula；　is　the　true　basis　of　morality；the　principle　and　regulator　of　all　our　actions。　　This　is　the　universal　motor；　which　philosophy　is　searching　for；　which　religion　strengthens；　which　egotism　supplants；　and　whose　place　pure　reason　never　can　fill。　　DUTY　and　RIGHT　are　born　of　NEED；　which；　when　considered　in　connection　with　others；　is　a　RIGHT；　and　when　considered　in　connection　with　ourselves；　a　DUTY。
  We　need　to　eat　and　sleep。　　It　is　our　right　to　procure　those　things　which　are　necessary　to　rest　and　nourishment。　　It　is　our　duty　to　use　them　when　Nature　requires　it。
  We　need　to　labor　in　order　to　live。　　To　do　so　is　both　our　right　and　our　duty。
  We　need　to　love　our　wives　and　children。　　It　is　our　duty　to　protect　and　support　them。　　It　is　our　right　to　be　loved　in　preference　to　all　others。　　Conjugal　fidelity　is　justice。　　Adultery　is　high　treason　against　society。
  We　need　to　exchange　our　products　for　other　products。　　It　is　our　right　that　this　exchange　should　be　one　of　equivalents；　and　since　we　consume　before　we　produce；　it　would　be　our　duty；　if　we　could　contro