第 15 节
作者:无边的寒冷      更新:2021-02-20 04:47      字数:9322
  the desert region of western Arizona and adjacent California; Nevada; and
  Utah。In     the   former     region   is  found     the  widespread       viviparus;    which
  extends   from   the   southern   borders   of   British   America   to   the   plains   of
  eastern     Colorado      and   western     Kansas;     and    even    crosses    the   Rocky
  Mountain   divide   into   northern   Idaho   and   northeastern   Washington;   and
  missouriensis;       which    also   ranges    from   the   high   prairies   of  the   Upper
  Missouri   to   the   same   southern   limit;   and      is  continued     southward      into
  Texas in its varieties similis and robustior。
  In the Arizona desert region; four distinct but closely allied forms have
  become   differentiated        from   the   strong    radiosus   stock;    viz。:  arizonicus;
  deserti;   alversoni;   and   chloranthus;   all   of   which   might   be   regarded   as
  distinct species。In southeastern Texas is found an isolated form; sulcatus;
  occurring   between   the   Brazos   and   Nueces   rivers。That   viviparus   must   be
  regarded as a strong northern extension of the radiosus stock can not be
  doubted;   as   the   low   depressed   cespitose   northern   form   seems   to   merge
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  southward   so   gradually   into   the   simple   more   robust   ovate   to   cylindrical
  forms   of   radiosus   as   to   suggest   the   propriety   of   regarding   them   all   as
  specifically identical。
  The   result   of   a   closer   inspection   of   the   distribution   of   these   nearly
  related forms is worthy of note。C。 viviparus extends from British America
  and   the   Upper   Missouri   to   eastern   Colorado   and   western   Kansas;   neo…
  mexicanus (the form most nearly related to viviparus) extends from central
  Colorado and southern Utah into Mexico; at the southeastern edge of this
  range begins radiosus and extends eastward through southern Texas; from
  the western edge of neo…mexicanus the form arizonicus extends westward
  into southern California; touching chloranthus at its Utah limit; and at its
  California   extension   reaching   alversoni   and   deserti;   the   latter   of   which
  extends   northward   into   the   desert   region   of   southeastern   California   and
  adjacent Nevada。Taking this type as of Mexican origin; it seems to have
  entered the United States from Sonora and Chihuahua; and to have spread
  in three directions; viz。: eastward through southern Texas; westward and
  northwestward into southern California and southern; Utah; and northward
  to the head waters of the Missouri and British America; though we would
  limit    the   northern    extension     of   the   present    specific    type   to  central
  Colorado; and would regard the still more northern forms as of the same
  origin but entitled to specific rank。
  2。 ANHALONIUMLem。 Cact。 Gen。 Nov。 (1839)。
  Depressed or flattened; simple; unarmed plants; covered with peculiar
  imbricated   tubercles   above   and   their   scale…like   remains   below:   tubercle
  with lower and upper parts very different; lower part comparatively thin
  and flat; upper exposed part triangular in outline and divergent; very thick
  and hard; the lower surface smooth and keeled; the upper surface plane or
  convex;  smooth   or   tuberculate   or   variously  fissured;   with   a   broad   wool…
  bearing groove or simply a more or less evident tomentulose apical areola:
  spine…bearing areola obsolete: flower…bearing areola at the summit of the
  lower   peduncle…like   portion   of   the   very   young   tubercle   (thus   appearing
  axillary with reference to the exposed part of the tubercle) and bearing a
  dense penicellate tuft of long soft hairs which conceals the lower part of
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  the flower and the entire fruit and persists about the apical region of the
  plant   as   matted   and   apparently   axillary   wool:   ovary   naked:   seeds   large;
  black; and tuberculate: embryo obovate; straight。
  According       to  the  present    views    concerning     generic    limitations    in
  Cactaceae; Anhalonium  must   certainly  be   kept   distinct   from  Mamillaria;
  and     to  such    a  view     Dr。  Engelmann        had   finally   come。The       generic
  distinction is based upon such characters as (1) the complete suppression
  of the spine…bearing areolae; (2) the strong differentiation of the tubercles
  into two very distinct regions; (3) the production of the flower at the apex
  of   the   basal   or  penduncle…like      portion    (which    becomes      flattened   and
  expanded       at  maturity)    of   a  very    young    tubercle;    and   (4)   the   large
  tuberculate seeds。
  In   the  case   of   engelmanni      the  broad    woolly    groove    of  the   upper
  portion of the tubercle expands below into the flower…bearing areola; but
  terminates   blindly   above   just   behind   the   sharp   apex。In   prismaticum   and
  furfuraceum  the   groove   is   obliterated;   but   there   usually   remains   a   small
  (more or less tufted) areola and depression just behind the apex to mark its
  upper   extremity。This   apical   areola   therefore;   does   not   represent   a   spine…
  bearing areola; but the closed upper extremity of a tubercle groove。
  It seems evident that Anhalonium is a much modified Cactus; and that
  its   affinity   is  with    the   coryphanths;      through    such    a  species    as   C。
  macromeris; in which the flower becomes extra…axillary。If in macromeris;
  with    the   flower   standing    well   up   on  the   tubercle;   the   portions   of   the
  tubercle above   and below the   flower should   become very  different   from
  each   other;   the   upper   portion   being   so   much   modified   as   to   cause   the
  spine…bearing       areola    to   be   obliterated;     the   condition     of   things   in
  Anhalonium would be obtained。
  *   Upper     surface   of  tubercle    with   a  broad    and   deep   wool…bearing
  longitudinal groove which widens below。
  1。 Anhalonium engelmanniLem。 Cact 42 (1839)。
  Mamillaria       fissurataEngelm。       Syn。    Cact。    270    (1856)。Anhalonium
  fissuratum Engelm。 Bot。 Mex。 Bound。 75 (1859)。
  Depressed globose or flat; top…shaped below and tapering into a thick
  root;    5  to  12   cm。    in  diameter:     tubercles    (upper    portion)    appressed…
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  imbricate; 12 to 18 mm。 long and about as wide at base; the upper surface
  convex and variously fissured (presenting an irregular warty appearance)
  even   to   the   edges:   flowers   apparently   central;   about   2。5   cm。   long   and
  broad; shading from whitish to rose: fruit oval; pale green; about 10 mm。
  long: seeds 1。6 mm。 long。 (Ill。 Bot。 Mex。 Bound。 t。 16)Type unknown; but
  specimens of Wright; Bigelow; and Parry in Herb。 Mo。 Bot。 Gard。 are the
  basis of Engelmann's Mamillaria fissurata。
  On limestone hills; in the 〃Great   Bend〃 region of the Rio Grande   in
  Texas; and southward into Coahuila。Fl。 September…October。
  Specimens examined: Texas (Wright of 1850; Bigelow of 1852; Parry;
  with no number or date; Lloyd of 1890; Evans of 1891; Briggs of 1892):
  also growing in Mo。 Bot。 Gard。 1893。
  This species is very closely related to the Mexican A。 kotchubeyi Lem。
  (A。 sulcatum Salm…Dyck); but unfortunately no type of that species seems
  to be in existence; and Dr。 Engelmann notes (Mex。 Bound。 Rep。 75) that
  〃it    seems     no    living   or    dead    specimen      is   at   present    extant    in
  Europe。〃Judging from the description; the upper surface of the tubercles in
  A。 kotchubeyi; aside from the central furrow; is smooth; at least the margin
  is 〃very entire。〃
  ** Upper surface of tubercle not grooved; but usually with atomentose
  pulvillus at the tip。
  2。 Anhalonium prismaticumLem。 Cact。 1 (1839)。
  Mamillaria       prismaticaLem。         Hort。    Univ。     i。   231    (1839)。Cactus
  prismaticusKuntze; Rev。 Gen。 Pl。 261 (1891)。
  Flat   above;   top…shaped   below;  7。5   to   12。5   cm。   in   diameter:   tubercles
  (upper     portion)     close'y    imbricate     but   squarrose…     spreading;     sharply
  triangular…pyramidal and very acute (with a sharp cartilaginous tip; which
  usually disappears with age and leaves the older tubercles blunt or retuse);
  18 to   25   mm。   long   and   about   as   wide   at   base;   the   upper   surface   almos