among　whom　the　rate　from　disease　had　fallen　to　the　surprisingly　low　figure　in　1912　of　8。77　per　thousand；　in　1906　it　was　47　per　thousand。　A　remarkable　result　is　that　in　1908　the　combined　tropical　diseasesmalaria；　dysentery　and　beri…berikilled　fewer　than　the　two　great　killing　diseases　of　the　temperate　zone；　pneumonia　and　tuberculosis　127　in　one　group　and　137　in　the　other。　　The　whole　story　is　expressed　in　two　words；　EFFECTIVE　ORGANIZATION；　and　the　special　value　of　this　experiment　in　sanitation　is　that　it　has　been　made；　and　made　successfully；　in　one　of　the　great　plague　spots　of　the　world。
  Month　by　month　a　little；　gray…covered　pamphlet　was　published　by　Colonel　Gorgas；　a　〃Report　of　the　Department　of　Sanitation　of　the　Isthmian　Canal　Commission。〃　　I　have　been　one　of　the　favored　to　whom　it　has　been　sent　year　by　year；　and；　keenly　interested　as　I　have　always　been　in　infectious　diseases；　and　particularly　in　malaria　and　dysentery；　I　doubt　if　anyone　has　read　it　more　faithfully。　In　evidence　of　the　extraordinary　advance　made　in　sanitation　by　Gorgas；　I　give　a　random　example　from　one　of　his　monthly　reports　（1912）：　In　a　population　of　more　than　52；000；　the　death　rate　from　disease　had　fallen　to　7。31　per　thousand；　among　the　whites　it　was　2。80　and　among　the　colored　people　8。77。　Not　only　is　the　profession　indebted　to　Colonel　Gorgas　and　his　staff　for　this　remarkable　demonstration；　but　they　have　offered　an　example　of　thoroughness　and　efficiency　which　has　won　the　admiration　of　the　whole　world。　　As　J。　B。　Bishop；　secretary　of　the　Isthmian　Canal　Commission；　has　recently　said：　〃The　Americans　arrived　on　the　Isthmus　in　the　full　light　of　these　two　invaluable　discoveries　＇the　insect　transmission　of　yellow　fever　and　malaria＇。　Scarcely　had　they　begun　active　work　when　an　outbreak　of　yellow　fever　occurred　which　caused　such　a　panic　throughout　their　force　that　nothing　except　the　lack　of　steamship　accommodation　prevented　the　flight　of　the　entire　body　from　the　Isthmus。　Prompt；　intelligent　and　vigorous　application　of　the　remedies　shown　to　he　effective　by　the　mosquito　discoveries　not　only　checked　the　progress　of　the　pest；　but　banished　it　forever　from　the　Isthmus。　　In　this　way；　and　in　this　alone；　was　the　building　of　the　canal　made　possible。　The　supreme　credit　for　its　construction　therefore　belongs　to　the　brave　men；　surgeons　of　the　United　States　Army；　who　by　their　high　devotion　to　duty　and　to　humanity　risked　their　lives　in　Havana　in　1900…1901　to　demonstrate　the　truth　of　the　mosquito　theory。〃＇7＇
  ＇7＇　Bishop：　　The　French　at　Panama；　Scribner's　Magazine；　January；　1913；　p。　42。
  One　disease　has　still　a　special　claim　upon　the　public　in　this　country。　Some　fourteen　or　fifteen　years　ago；　in　an　address　on　the　problem　of　typhoid　fever　in　the　United　States；　I　contended　that　the　question　was　no　longer　in　the　hands　of　the　profession。　　In　season　and　out　of　season　we　had　preached　salvation　from　it　in　volumes　which　fill　state　reports；　public　health　journals　and　the　medical　periodicals。　　Though　much　has　been　done；　typhoid　fever　remains　a　question　of　grave　national　concern。　You　lost　in　this　state＇7a＇　in　1911　from　typhoid　fever　154　lives；　every　one　sacrificed　needlessly；　every　one　a　victim　of　neglect　and　incapacity。　Between　1200　and　1500　persons　had　a　slow；　lingering　illness。　A　nation　of　contradictions　and　paradoxesa　clean　people；　by　whom　personal　hygiene　is　carefully　cultivated；　but　it　has　displayed　in　matters　of　public　sanitation　a　carelessness　simply　criminal：　　a　sensible　people；　among　whom　education　is　more　widely　diffused　than　in　any　other　country；　supinely　acquiesces　in　conditions　often　shameful　beyond　expression。　The　solution　of　the　problem　is　not　very　difficult。　　What　has　been　done　elsewhere　can　be　done　here。　　It　is　not　so　much　in　the　cities；　though　here　too　the　death　rate　is　still　high；　but　in　the　smaller　towns　and　rural　districts；　in　many　of　which　the　sanitary　conditions　are　still　those　of　the　Middle　Ages。　　How　Galen　would　have　turned　up　his　nose　with　contempt　at　the　water　supply　of　the　capital　of　the　Dominion　of　Canada；　scourged　so　disgracefully　by　typhoid　fever　of　late！　There　is　no　question　that　the　public　is　awakening；　but　many　State　Boards　of　Health　need　more　efficient　organization；　and　larger　appropriations。　Others　are　models；　and　it　is　not　for　lack　of　example　that　many　lag　behind。　The　health　officers　should　have　special　training　in　sanitary　science　and　special　courses　leading　to　diplomas　in　public　health　should　be　given　in　the　medical　schools。　　Were　the　health　of　the　people　made　a　question　of　public　and　not　of　party　policy；　only　a　skilled　expert　could　possibly　be　appointed　as　a　public　health　officer；　not；　as　is　now　so　often　the　case；　the　man　with　the　political　pull。
  ＇7a＇　Connecticut。
  It　is　a　long　and　tragic　story　in　the　annals　of　this　country。　That　distinguished　man；　the　first　professor　of　physic　in　this　University　in　the　early　years　of　last　century；　Dr。　Nathan　Smith；　in　that　notable　monograph　on　〃Typhus　Fever〃　（1824）；　tells　how　the　disease　had　followed　him　in　his　various　migrations；　from　1787；　when　he　began　to　practice；　all　through　his　career；　and　could　he　return　this　year；　in　some　hundred　and　forty　or　one　hundred　and　fifty　families　of　the　state　he　would　find　the　same　miserable　tragedy　which　he　had　witnessed　so　often　in　the　same　heedless　sacrifice　of　the　young　on　the　altar　of　ignorance　and　incapacity。
  TUBERCULOSIS
  IN　a　population　of　about　one　million；　seventeen　hundred　persons　died　of　tuberculosis　in　this　state　in　the　year　1911　a　reduction　in　thirty　years　of　nearly　50　per　cent。　A　generation　has　changed　completely　our　outlook　on　one　of　the　most　terrible　scourges　of　the　race。　　It　is　simply　appalling　to　think　of　the　ravages　of　this　disease　in　civilized　communities。　Before　the　discovery　by　Robert　Koch　of　the　bacillus；　we　were　helpless　and　hopeless；　in　an　Oriental　fatalism　we　accepted　with　folded　hands　a　state　of　affairs　which　use　and　wont　had　made　bearable。　Today；　look　at　the　contrast！　　We　are　both　helpful　and　hopeful。　Knowing　the　cause　of　the　disease；　knowing　how　it　is　distributed；　better　able　to　recognize　the　early　symptoms；　better　able　to　cure　a　very　considerable　portion　of　all　early　cases；　we　have　gradually　organized　an　enthusiastic　campaign　which　is　certain　to　lead　to　victory。　The　figures　I　have　quoted　indicate　how　progressively　the　mortality　is　falling。　　Only；　do　not　let　us　be　disappointed　if　this　comparatively　rapid　fall　is　not　steadily　maintained　in　the　country　at　large。　It　is　a　long　fight　against　a　strong　enemy；　and　at　the　lowest　estimate　it　will　take　several　generations　before　tuberculosis　is　placed　at　last；　with　leprosy　and　typhus；　among　the　vanquished　diseases。　Education；　organization；　cooperationthese　are　the　weapons　of　our　warfare。　　Into　details　I　need　not　enter。　　The　work　done　by　the　National　Association　under　the　strong　guidance　of　its　secretary；　Mr。　Farrand；　the　pioneer　studies　of　Trudeau　and　the　optimism　which　he　has　brought　into　the　campaign；　the　splendid　demonstration　by　the　New　York　Board　of　Health　of　what　organization　can　do；　have　helped　immensely　in　this　world…wide　conflict。
  SOME　years　ago；　in　an　address　at　Edinburgh；　I　spoke　of　the　triple　gospel　which　man　has　publishedof　his　soul；　of　his　goods；　of　his　body。　This　third　gospel；　the　gospel　of　his　body；　which　brings　man　into　relation　with　nature；　has　been　a　true　evangelion；　the　glad　tidings　of　the　final　conquest　of　nature　by　which　man　has　redeemed　thousands　of　his　fellow　men　from　sickness　and　from　death。
  If；　in　the　memorable　phrase　of　the　Greek　philosopher；　Prodicus；　〃That　which　benefits　human　life　is　God；〃　we　may　see　in　this　new　gospel　a　link　betwixt　us　and　the　crowning　race　of　those　who　eye　to　eye　shall　look　on　knowledge；　and　in　whose　hand　nature　shall　be　an　open　bookan　approach　to　the　glorious　day　of　which　Shelley　sings　so　gloriously：
  Happiness　And　Science　dawn　though　late　upon　the　earth；　Peace　cheers　the　mind；　health　renovates　the　frame；　Disease　and　pleasure　cease　to　mingle　here；　Reason　and　passion　cease　to　combat　there；　Whilst　mind　unfettered　o'er　the　earth　extends　Its　all…subduing　energies；　and　wields　The　sceptre　of　a　vast　dominion　there。
  （Daemon　of　the　World；　Pt。　II。）
  End