the　other　hand；　in　the　〃Paramirum；〃　he　says：　〃Stars　control　nothing　in　us；　suggest　nothing；　incline　to　nothing；　own　nothing；　they　are　free　from　us　and　we　are　free　from　them〃　（Stoddart；　p。　185）。　The　Archaeus；　not　the　stars；　controls　man's　destiny。　〃Good　fortune　comes　from　ability；　and　ability　comes　from　the　spirit〃　（Archaeus）。
  No　one　has　held　more　firmly　the　dualistic　conception　of　the　healing　art。　　There　are　two　kinds　of　doctors；　those　who　heal　miraculously　and　those　who　heal　through　medicine。　Only　he　who　believes　can　work　miracles。　　The　physician　has　to　accomplish　that　which　God　would　have　done　miraculously；　had　there　been　faith　enough　in　the　sick　man　（Stoddart；　p。　194）。　He　had　the　Hippocratic　conception　of　the　〃vis　medicatrix　naturae〃　no　one　keener　since　the　days　of　the　Greeks。　　Man　is　his　own　doctor　and　finds　proper　healing　herbs　in　his　own　garden：　　the　physician　is　in　ourselves；　in　our　own　nature　are　all　things　that　we　need：　and　speaking　of　wounds；　with　singular　prescience　he　says　that　the　treatment　should　be　defensive　so　that　no　contingency　from　without　could　hinder　Nature　in　her　work　（Stoddart；　p。　213）。
  Paracelsus　expresses　the　healing　powers　of　nature　by　the　word　〃mumia；〃　which　he　regarded　as　a　sort　of　magnetic　influence　or　force；　and　he　believed　that　anyone　possessing　this　could　arrest　or　heal　disease　in　others。　As　the　lily　breaks　forth　in　invisible　perfume；　so　healing　influences　may　pass　from　an　invisible　body。　Upon　these　views　of　Paracelsus　was　based　the　theory　of　the　sympathetic　cure　of　disease　which　had　an　extraordinary　vogue　in　the　late　sixteenth　and　seventeenth　centuries；　and　which　is　not　without　its　modern　counterpart。
  In　the　next　century；　in　Van　Helmont　we　meet　with　the　Archaeus　everywhere　presiding；　controlling　and　regulating　the　animate　and　inanimate　bodies；　working　this　time　through　agents；　local　ferments。　The　Rosicrucians　had　their　direct　inspiration　from　his　writings；　and　such　mystics　as　the　English　Rosicrucian　Fludd　were　strong　Paracelsians。＇14＇
  ＇14＇　Robert　Fludd；　the　Mystical　Physician；　British　Medical　Journal；　London；　1897；　ii；　408。
  The　doctrine　of　contraries　drawn　from　the　old　Greek　philosophy；　upon　which　a　good　deal　of　the　treatment　of　Hippocrates　and　Galen　was　baseddryness　expelled　by　moisture；　cold　by　heat；　etc。was　opposed　by　Paracelsus　in　favor　of　a　theory　of　similars；　upon　which　the　practice　of　homeopathy　is　based。　　This　really　arose　from　the　primitive　beliefs；　to　which　I　have　already　referred　as　leading　to　the　use　of　eyebright　in　diseases　of　the　eye；　and　cyclamen　in　diseases　of　the　ear　because　of　its　resemblance　to　that　part；　and　the　Egyptian　organotherapy　had　the　same　basis；spleen　would　cure　spleen；　heart；　heart；　etc。　　In　the　sixteenth　and　seventeenth　centuries　these　doctrines　of　sympathies　and　antipathies　were　much　in　vogue。　A　Scotchman；　Sylvester　Rattray；　edited　in　the　〃Theatrum　Sympatheticum〃＇15＇　all　the　writings　upon　the　sympathies　and　antipathies　of　man　with　animal；　vegetable　and　mineral　substances；　and　the　whole　art　of　physics　was　based　on　this　principle。
  ＇15＇　Rattray：　　Theatrum　Sympatheticum；　Norimberge；　MDCLXII。
  Upon　this　theory　of　〃mumia；〃　or　magnetic　force；　the　sympathetic　cure　of　disease　was　based。　　The　weapon　salve；　the　sympathetic　ointment；　and　the　famous　powder　of　sympathy　were　the　instruments　through　which　it　acted。　　The　magnetic　cure　of　wounds　became　the　vogue。　Van　Helmont　adopted　these　views　in　his　famous　treatise　〃De　Magnetica　Vulnerum　Curatione；〃＇16＇　in　which　he　asserted　that　cures　were　wrought　through　magnetic　influence。　How　close　they　came　to　modern　views　of　wound　infection　may　be　judged　from　the　following：　　〃Upon　the　solution　of　Unity　in　any　part　the　ambient　air　。　。　。　repleted　with　various　evaporations　or　aporrhoeas　of　mixt　bodies；　especially　such　as　are　then　suffering　the　act　of　putrefaction；　violently　invadeth　the　part　and　thereupon　impresseth　an　exotic　miasm　or　noxious　diathesis；　which　disposeth　the　blood　successively　arriving　at　the　wound；　to　putrefaction；　by　the　intervention　of　fermentation。〃　With　his　magnetic　sympathy；　Van　Helmont　expressed　clearly　the　doctrine　of　immunity　and　the　cure　of　disease　by　immune　sera：　〃For　he　who　has　once　recovered　from　that　disease　hath　not　only　obtained　a　pure　balsaamical　blood；　whereby　for　the　future　he　is　rendered　free　from　any　recidivation　of　the　same　evil；　but　also　infallibly　cures　the　same　affection　in　his　neighbour　。　。　。　and　by　the　mysterious　power　of　Magnetism　transplants　that　balsaam　and　conserving　quality　into　the　blood　of　another。〃　He　was　rash　enough　to　go　further　and　say　that　the　cures　effected　by　the　relics　of　the　saints　were　also　due　to　the　same　causea　statement　which　led　to　a　great　discussion　with　the　theologians　and　to　Van　Helmont's　arrest　for　heresy；　and　small　wonder；　when　he　makes　such　bold　statements　as　〃Let　the　Divine　enquire　only　concerning　God；　the　Naturalist　concerning　Nature；〃　and　〃God　in　the　production　of　miracles　does　for　the　most　part　walk　hand　in　hand　with　Nature。〃
  ＇16＇　An　English　translation　by　Walter　Charleton　appeared　in　1650；　entitled　〃A　Ternary　of　Paradoxes。〃
  That　wandering　genius；　Sir　Kenelm　Digby；　did　much　to　popularize　this　method　of　treatment　by　his　lecture　on　the　〃Powder　of　Sympathy。〃＇17＇　His　powder　was　composed　of　copperas　alone　or　mixed　with　gum　tragacanth。　He　regarded　the　cure　as　effected　through　the　subtle　influence　of　the　sympathetic　spirits　or；　as　Highmore　says；　by　〃atomicall　energy　wrought　at　a　distance；〃　and　the　remedy　could　be　applied　to　the　wound　itself；　or　to　a　cloth　soaked　in　the　blood　or　secretions；　or　to　the　weapon　that　caused　the　wound。　　One　factor　leading　to　success　may　have　been　that　in　the　directions　which　Digby　gave　for　treating　the　wound　（in　the　celebrated　case　of　James　Howell；　for　instance）；　it　was　to　be　let　alone　and　kept　clean。　The　practice　is　alluded　to　very　frequently　by　the　poets。　In　the　〃Lay　of　the　Last　Minstrel〃　we　find　the　following：
  ＇17　French　edition；　1668；　English　translation；　same　year。　For　a　discussion　on　the　author　of　the　weapon　salve　see　Van　Helmont；　who　gives　the　various　formulas。　　Highmore　（1651）　says　the　〃powder　is　a　Zaphyrian　salt　calcined　by　a　celestial　fire　operating　in　Leo　and　Cancer　into　a　Lunar　complexion。〃
  But　she　has　ta'en　the　broken　lance；　　And　wash'd　it　from　the　clotted　gore；　　And　salved　the　splinter　o'er　and　o'er。　　William　of　Deloraine；　in　trance；　　Whene'er　she　turn'd　it　round　and　round；　　Twisted；　as　if　she　gall'd　his　wound；　　Then　to　her　maidens　she　did　say；　　That　he　should　be　whole　man　and　sound；
  （Canto　iii；　xxiii。）
  and　in　Dryden's　〃Tempest〃　（V；　1）　Ariel　says：
  Anoint　the　Sword　which　pierc'd　him　with　the　Weapon…Salve；　　And　wrap　it　close　from　Air　till　I　have　time　　To　visit　him　again。
  From　Van　Helmont　comes　the　famous　story　of　the　new　nose　that　dropped　off　in　sympathy　with　the　dead　arm　from　which　it　was　taken；　and　the　source　of　the　famous　lines　of　Hudibras。　　As　I　have　not　seen　the　original　story　quoted　of　late　years　it　may　be　worth　while　to　give　it：　〃A　certain　inhabitant　of　Bruxels；　in　a　combat　had　his　nose　mowed　off；　addressed　himself　to　Tagliacozzus；　a　famous　Chirurgein；　living　at　Bononia；　that　he　might　procure　a　new　one；　and　when　he　feared　the　incision　of　his　own　arm；　he　hired　a　Porter　to　admit　it；　out　of　whose　arm；　having　first　given　the　reward　agreed　upon；　at　length　he　dig'd　a　new　nose。　About　thirteen　moneths　after　his　return　to　his　own　Countrey；　on　a　sudden　the　ingrafted　nose　grew　cold；　putrified；　and　within　few　days　drops　off。　To　those　of　his　friends　that　were　curious　in　the　exploration　of　the　cause　of　this　unexpected　misfortune；　it　was　discovered；　that　the　Porter　expired；　neer　about　the　same　punctilio　of　time；　wherein　the　nose　grew　frigid　and　cadaverous。　There　are　at　Bruxels　yet　surviving；some　of　good　repute；　that　were　eye…witnesses　of　these　occurrences。〃＇18＇
  ＇18＇　Charleton：　　Of　the　Magnetic　Cure　of　Wounds；　London；　1650；　p。　13。
  Equally　in　the　history　of　science　and　of　medicine；　1542　is　a　starred　year；　marked　by　a　revolution　in　our　knowledge　alike　of　Macrocosm　and　Microcosm。　　In　Frauenburg；　the　town　physician　and　a　canon；　now　nearing　the　Psalmist　limit　and　his　end；　had　sent　to　the　press　the　studies　of　a　lifetime〃De　revolutionibus　orbium　coelestium。〃　It　was　no　new　thought；　no　new　demonstration　that　Copernicus　thus　gave　to　his　generation。　　Centuries　before；　men　of　the　keenest　scientific　minds　from　Pythagoras　on　had　worked　out　a　heliocentric　theory；　fully　promulgated　by　Aristarchus；　and　very　generally　accepted　by　the　brilliant　investigators　of　the　Alexandrian　school；　but　in　the　long　interval；　lapped　in　Oriental　lethargy；　man　had　been　content　to　acknowledge　that　the　heavens　declare　the　glory　of　God　and　that　the　firmament　sheweth　his　handiwork。　　There　had　been　great　astronomers　before　Copernicus。　In　the　fifteenth　century　Nicholas　of　Cusa　and　Regiomontanus　had　hinted　at　the　heliocentric　theory；　but　1512　marks　an　epoch　in　the　history　of　science；　since　for　all　time　Copernicus　put　the　problem　in　a　way　that　compelled　acquiescence。
  Nor　did　Copernicus　announce　a　truth　perfect　and　complete；　not　to　be　modified；　but　there　were　many　contradictions　and　lacunae　which　the　work　of　subsequent　observers　had　to　reconcile　and　fill　up。　For　long　years　Copernicus　had　brooded　over　the　great　thoughts　which　his　careful　obs