ppocrates　（1473）　＇Hain　＇*＇7247＇；　Galen　（1475）　＇Hain　7237＇；　Aristotle　（1476）；　Celsus　（1478）；　and　Dioscorides　（1478）。＇**＇
  ＇*＇　This　asterisk　is　used　by　Hain　to　indicate　that　he　had　seen　a　copy。Ed。
  ＇**＇　Data　added　to　a　manuscript　taken　from　the　author's　summary　on　〃Printed　Medical　Books　to　1480〃　in　Transactions　of　the　Bibliographical　Society；　London；　1916；　XIII；　5…8；　revised　from　its　〃News…Sheet〃　（February；　1914）。　〃Of　neither　Hippocrates　nor　Galen　is　there　an　early　edition；　but　in　1473　at　Pavia　appeared　an　exposition　of　the　Aphorisms　of　Hippoerates；　and　in　1475　at　Padua　an　edition　of　the　Tegni　or　Notes　of　Galen。〃　　Ibid。；　p。　6。　Osler's　unfinished　Illustrated　Monograph　on　this　subject　is　now　being　printed　for　the　Society　of　which　he　was　President。Ed。
  The　medical　profession　gradually　caught　the　new　spirit。　It　has　been　well　said　that　Greece　arose　from　the　dead　with　the　New　Testament　in　the　one　hand　and　Aristotle　in　the　other。　There　was　awakened　a　perfect　passion　for　the　old　Greek　writers；　and　with　it　a　study　of　the　original　sources；　which　had　now　become　available　in　many　manuscripts。　Gradually　Hippocrates　and　Galen　came　to　their　own　again。　Almost　every　professor　of　medicine　became　a　student　of　the　MSS。　of　Aristotle　and　of　the　Greek　physicians；　and　before　1530　the　presses　had　poured　out　a　stream　of　editions。　A　wave　of　enthusiasm　swept　over　the　profession；　and　the　best　energies　of　its　best　minds　were　devoted　to　a　study　of　the　Fathers。　　Galen　became　the　idol　of　the　schools。　A　strong　revulsion　of　feeling　arose　against　the　Arabians；　and　Avicenna；　the　Prince；　who　had　been　clothed　with　an　authority　only　a　little　less　than　divine；　became　anathema。　Under　the　leadership　of　the　Montpellier　School；　the　Arabians　made　a　strong　fight；　but　it　was　a　losing　battle　all　along　the　line。　This　group　of　medical　humanistsmen　who　were　devoted　to　the　study　of　the　old　humanities；　as　Latin　and　Greek　were　called　has　had　a　great　and　beneficial　influence　upon　the　profession。　They　were　for　the　most　part　cultivated　gentlemen　with　a　triple　interestliterature；　medicine　and　natural　history。　How　important　is　the　part　they　played　may　be　gathered　from　a　glance　at　the　〃Lives〃　given　by　Bayle　in　his　〃Biographic　Medicale〃　（Paris；　1855）　between　the　years　1500　and　1575。　　More　than　one　half　of　them　had　translated　or　edited　works　of　Hippocrates　or　Galen；　many　of　them　had　made　important　contributions　to　general　literature；　and　a　large　proportion　of　them　were　naturalists：　Leonicenus；　Linacre；　Champier；　Fernel；　Fracastorius；　Gonthier；　Caius；　J。　Sylvius；　Brasavola；　Fuchsius；　Matthiolus；　Conrad　Gesner；　to　mention　only　those　I　know　best；　form　a　great　group。　Linacre　edited　Greek　works　for　Aldus；　translated　works　of　Galen；　taught　Greek　at　Oxford；　wrote　Latin　grammars　and　founded　the　Royal　College　of　Physicians。＇*＇　Caius　was　a　keen　Greek　scholar；　an　ardent　student　of　natural　history；　and　his　name　is　enshrined　as　co…founder　of　one　of　the　most　important　of　the　Cambridge　colleges。　Gonthier；　Fernel；　Fuchs　and　Mattioli　were　great　scholars　and　greater　physicians。　　Champier；　one　of　the　most　remarkable　of　the　group；　was　the　founder　of　the　Hotel　Dieu　at　Lyons；　and　author　of　books　of　a　characteristic　Renaissance　type　and　of　singular　bibliographical　interest。　　In　many　ways　greatest　of　all　was　Conrad　Gesner；　whose　mors　inopinata　at　forty…nine；　bravely　fighting　the　plague；　is　so　touchingly　and　tenderly　mourned　by　his　friend　Caius。＇2＇　Physician；　botanist；　mineralogist；　geologist；　chemist；　the　first　great　modern　bibliographer；　he　is　the　very　embodiment　of　the　spirit　of　the　age。＇2a＇　On　the　flyleaf　of　my　copy　of　the　〃Bibliotheca　Universalis〃　（1545）；　is　written　a　fine　tribute　to　his　memory。　I　do　not　know　by　whom　it　is；　but　I　do　know　from　my　reading　that　it　is　true：
  ＇*＇　Cf。　　Osler：　　Thomas　Linacre；　Cambridge　University　Press；　1908。Ed。
  ＇2＇　Joannis　Caii　Britanni　de　libris　suis；　etc。；　1570。
  ＇2a＇　See　J。　C。　Bay：　　Papers　Bibliog。　Soc。　of　America；　1916；　X；　No。　2；　53…86。
  〃Conrad　Gesner；　who　kept　open　house　there　for　all　learned　men　who　came　into　his　neighborhood。　　Gesner　was　not　only　the　best　naturalist　among　the　scholars　of　his　day；　but　of　all　men　of　that　century　he　was　the　pattern　man　of　letters。　He　was　faultless　in　private　life；　assiduous　in　study；　diligent　in　maintaining　correspondence　and　good…will　with　learned　men　in　all　countries；　hospitablethough　his　means　were　small　to　every　scholar　that　came　into　Zurich。　　Prompt　to　serve　all；　he　was　an　editor　of　other　men's　volumes；　a　writer　of　prefaces　for　friends；　a　suggestor　to　young　writers　of　books　on　which　they　might　engage　themselves；　and　a　great　helper　to　them　in　the　progress　of　their　work。　　But　still；　while　finding　time　for　services　to　other　men；　he　could　produce　as　much　out　of　his　own　study　as　though　he　had　no　part　in　the　life　beyond　its　walls。〃
  A　large　majority　of　these　early　naturalists　and　botanists　were　physicians。＇3＇　The　Greek　art　of　observation　was　revived　in　a　study　of　the　scientific　writings　of　Aristotle；　Theophrastus　and　Dioscorides　and　in　medicine；　of　Hippocrates　and　of　Galen；　all　in　the　Greek　originals。　That　progress　was　at　first　slow　was　due　in　part　to　the　fact　that　the　leaders　were　too　busy　scraping　the　Arabian　tarnish　from　the　pure　gold　of　Greek　medicine　and　correcting　the　anatomical　mistakes　of　Galen　to　bother　much　about　his　physiology　or　pathology。　　Here　and　there　among　the　great　anatomists　of　the　period　we　read　of　an　experiment；　but　it　was　the　art　of　observation；　the　art　of　Hippocrates；　not　the　science　of　Galen；　not　the　carefully　devised　experiment　to　determine　function；　that　characterized　their　work。　　There　was　indeed　every　reason　why　men　should　have　been　content　with　the　physiology　and　pathology　of　that　day；　as；　from　a　theoretical　standpoint；　it　was　excellent。　The　doctrine　of　the　four　humors　and　of　the　natural；　animal　and　vital　spirits　afforded　a　ready　explanation　for　the　symptoms　of　all　diseases；　and　the　practice　of　the　day　was　admirably　adapted　to　the　theories。　There　was　no　thought　of；　no　desire　for；　change。　　But　the　revival　of　learning　awakened　in　men　at　first　a　suspicion　and　at　last　a　conviction　that　the　ancients　had　left　something　which　could　be　reached　by　independent　research；　and　gradually　the　paralytic…like　torpor　passed　away。
  ＇3＇　Miall：　　The　Early　Naturalists；　London；　1912。
  The　sixteenth　and　seventeenth　centuries　did　three　things　in　medicine　shattered　authority；　laid　the　foundation　of　an　accurate　knowledge　of　the　structure　of　the　human　body　and　demonstrated　how　its　functions　should　be　studied　intelligentlywith　which　advances；　as　illustrating　this　period；　may　be　associated　the　names　of　Paracelsus；　Vesalius　and　Harvey。
  PARACELSUS
  PARACELSUS　is　〃der　Geist　der　stets　verneint。〃　He　roused　men　against　the　dogmatism　of　the　schools；　and　he　stimulated　enormously　the　practical　study　of　chemistry。　These　are　his　great　merits；　against　which　must　be　placed　a　flood　of　hermetical　and　transcendental　medicine；　some　his　own；　some　foisted　in　his　name；　the　influence　of　which　is　still　with　us。
  〃With　what　judgment　ye　judge　it　shall　be　judged　to　you　again〃　is　the　verdict　of　three　centuries　on　Paracelsus。　　In　return　for　unmeasured　abuse　of　his　predecessors　and　contemporaries　he　has　been　held　up　to　obloquy　as　the　arch…charlatan　of　history。　We　have　taken　a　cheap　estimate　of　him　from　Fuller　and　Bacon；　and　from　a　host　of　scurrilous　scribblers　who　debased　or　perverted　his　writings。　Fuller＇4＇　picked　him　out　as　exemplifying　the　drunken　quack；　whose　body　was　a　sea　wherein　the　tide　of　drunkenness　was　ever　ebbing　and　flowing　〃He　boasted　that　shortly　he　would　order　Luther　and　the　Pope；　as　well　as　he　had　done　Galen　and　Hippocrates。　　He　was　never　seen　to　pray；　and　seldome　came　to　Church。　　He　was　not　onely　skilled　in　naturall　Magick　（the　utmost　bounds　whereof　border　on　the　suburbs　of　hell）　but　is　charged　to　converse　constantly　with　familiars。　Guilty　he　was　of　all　vices　but　wantonnesse：　。　。　。　〃
  ＇4＇　Fuller：　　The　Holy　and　Profane　State；　Cambridge；　1642；　p。　56。
  Francis　Bacon；　too；　says　many　hard　things　of　him。＇5＇
  ＇5＇　Bacon：　　Of　the　Proficience　and　Advancement　of　Learning；　Bk。　II；　Pickering　ed。；　London；　1840；　p。　181。　　Works；　Spedding　ed。；　III；　381。
  To　the　mystics；　on　the　other　hand；　he　is　Paracelsus　the　Great；　the　divine；　the　most　supreme　of　the　Christian　magi；　whose　writings　are　too　precious　for　science；　the　monarch　of　secrets；　who　has　discovered　the　Universal　Medicine。　　This　is　illustrated　in　Browning's　well…known　poem　〃Paracelsus；〃　published　when　he　was　only　twenty…one；　than　which　there　is　no　more　pleasant　picture　in　literature　of　the　man　and　of　his　aspirations。　　His　was　a　〃searching　and　impetuous　soul〃　that　sought　to　win　from　nature　some　startling　secret〃。　。　。　a　tincture　of　force　to　flush　old　age　with　youth；　or　breed　gold；　or　imprison　moonbeams　till　they　change　to　opal　shafts！〃　At　the　same　time　with　that　capacity　for　self…deception　which　characterizes　the　true　mystic　he　sought　to　cast
  Light　on　a　darkling　race；　save　for　that　doubt；　I　stood　at　first　where　all　aspire　at　last　To　stand：　　the　secret　of　the　world　was　mine。　I　knew；　I　felt　（perception　unexpressed；　Uncomprehended　by　our　narrow　thought；　But　somehow　felt　and　known　in　every　shift　And　change　in　the　spirit；nay；　in　every　pore　Of　the　body；　even）what　God　is；　what　we　are；　What