ich　gives　a　list　of　twelve　volumes；　nearly　all　by　Arabian　authors。＇25＇　Franklin　gives　an　interesting　incident　illustrating　the　rarity　of　medical　MSS。　at　this　period。　　Louis　XI；　always　worried　about　his　health；　was　anxious　to　have　in　his　library　the　works　of　Rhazes。　　The　only　copy　available　was　in　the　library　of　the　medical　school。　The　manuscript　was　lent；　but　on　excellent　security；　and　it　is　nice　to　know　that　it　was　returned。
  ＇25＇　Franklin：　　Recherches　sur　la　Bibliotheque　de　la　Faculte　de　Medecine　de　Paris；　1864。
  It　is　said　that　one　of　the　special　advantages　that　Montpellier　had　over　Paris　was　its　possession　of　so　many　important　MSS。；　particularly　those　of　the　Arabian　writers。　　Many　〃Compendia〃　were　written　containing　extracts　from　various　writers；　and　no　doubt　these　were　extensively　copied　and　lent　or　sold　to　students。　At　Bologna　and　Padua；　there　were　regulations　as　to　the　price　of　these　MSS。　　The　university　controlled　the　production　of　them；　and　stationers　were　liable　to　fines　for　inaccurate　copies。　The　trade　must　have　been　extensive　in　those　early　days；　as　Rashdall　mentions　that　in　1323　there　were　twenty…eight　sworn　booksellers　in　Paris；　besides　keepers　of　bookstalls　in　the　open　air。
  MEDIAEVAL　PRACTICE
  THE　Greek　doctrine　of　the　four　humors　colored　all　the　conceptions　of　disease；　upon　their　harmony　alone　it　was　thought　that　health　depended。　The　four　temperaments；　sanguine；　phlegmatic；　bilious　and　melancholic；　corresponded　with　the　prevalence　of　these　humors。　　The　body　was　composed　of　certain　so…called　〃naturals；〃　seven　in　number　the　elements；　the　temperaments；　the　humors；　the　members　or　parts；　the　virtues　or　faculties；　the　operations　or　functions　and　the　spirits。　Certain　〃non…naturals；〃　nine　in　number；　preserved　the　health　of　the　body；　viz。）　air；　food　and　drink；　movement　and　repose；　sleeping　and　waking；　excretion　and　retention；　and　the　passions。　Disease　was　due　usually　to　alterations　in　the　composition　of　the　humors；　and　the　indications　for　treatment　were　in　accordance　with　these　doctrines。　They　were　to　be　evacuated；　tenuated；　cooled；　heated；　purged　or　strengthened。　This　humoral　doctrine　prevailed　throughout　the　Middle　Ages；　and　reached　far　into　modern　timesindeed；　echoes　of　it　are　still　to　be　heard　in　popular　conversations　on　the　nature　of　disease。
  The　Arabians　were　famous　for　their　vigor　and　resource　in　matters　of　treatment。　　Bleeding　was　the　first　resort　in　a　large　majority　of　all　diseases。　　In　the　〃Practice〃　of　Ferrari　there　is　scarcely　a　malady　for　which　it　is　not　recommended。　　All　remedies　were　directed　to　the　regulation　of　the　six　non…naturals；　and　they　either　preserved　health；　cured　the　disease　or　did　the　opposite。　The　most　popular　medicines　were　derived　from　the　vegetable　kingdom；　and　as　they　were　chiefly　those　recommended　by　Galen；　they　were；　and　still　are；　called　by　his　name。　　Many　important　mineral　medicines　were　introduced　by　the　Arabians；　particularly　mercury；　antimony；　iron；　etc。　There　were　in　addition　scores　of　substances；　the　parts　or　products　of　animals；　some　harmless；　others　salutary；　others　again　useless　and　disgusting。　　Minor　surgery　was　in　the　hands　of　the　barbers；　who　performed　all　the　minor　operations；　such　as　bleeding；　the　more　important　operations；　few　in　number；　were　performed　by　surgeons。
  ASTROLOGY　AND　DIVINATION
  AT　this　period　astrology；　which　included　astronomy；　was　everywhere　taught。　In　the　〃Gouernaunce　of　Prynces；　or　Pryvete　of　Pryveties；〃　translated　by　James　Yonge；　1422；＇26＇　there　occurs　the　statement：　〃As　Galian　the　lull　wies　leche　Saith　and　Isoder　the　Gode　clerk；　hit　witnessith　that　a　man　may　not　perfitely　can　the　sciens　and　craft　of　Medissin　but　yef　he　be　an　astronomoure。〃
  ＇26＇　Early　English　Text　Society；　Extra　Series；　No。　LXXIV；　p。　195；　1898；　Secreta　Secretorum；　Rawl。　MS。　B。；　490。
  We　have　seen　how　the　practice　of　astrology　spread　from　Babylonia　and　Greece　throughout　the　Roman　Empire。　　It　was　carried　on　into　the　Middle　Ages　as　an　active　and　aggressive　cult；　looked　upon　askance　at　times　by　the　Church；　but　countenanced　by　the　courts；　encouraged　at　the　universities；　and　always　by　the　public。　In　the　curriculum　of　the　mediaeval　university；　astronomy　made　up　with　music；　arithmetic　and　geometry　the　Quadrivium。　　In　the　early　faculties；　astronomy　and　astrology　were　not　separate；　and　at　Bologna；　in　the　early　fourteenth　century；　we　meet　with　a　professorship　of　astrology。＇27＇　One　of　the　duties　of　this　salaried　professor；　was　to　supply　〃judgements〃　gratis　for　the　benefit　of　enquiring　students；　a　treacherous　and　delicate　assignment；　as　that　most　distinguished　occupant　of　the　chair　at　Bologna；　Cecco　d'Ascoli；　found　when　he　was　burned　at　the　stake　in　1357；　a　victim　of　the　Florentine　Inquisition。＇28＇
  ＇27＇　Rashdall：　　Universities　of　Europe　in　the　Middle　Ages；　Vol。　I；　p。　240。
  ＇28＇　Rashdall；　l。c。；　Vol。　I；　p。　244。Rashdall　also　mentions　that　in　the　sixteenth　century　at　Oxford　there　is　an　instance　of　a　scholar　admitted　to　practice　astrology。　l。c。；　Vol。　II；　p。　458。
  Roger　Bacon　himself　was　a　warm　believer　in　judicial　astrology　and　in　the　influence　of　the　planets；　stars　and　comets　on　generation；　disease　and　death。
  Many　of　the　stronger　minds　of　the　Renaissance　broke　away　from　the　follies　of　the　subject。　　Thus　Cornelius　Agrippa　in　reply　to　the　request　of　a　friar　to　consult　the　stars　on　his　behalf　says：＇29＇　〃Judicial　astrology　is　nothing　more　than　the　fallacious　guess　of　superstitious　men；　who　have　founded　a　science　on　uncertain　things　and　are　deceived　by　it：　　so　think　nearly　all　the　wise；　as　such　it　is　ridiculed　by　some　most　noble　philosophers；　Christian　theologians　reject　it；　and　it　is　condemned　by　sacred　councils　of　the　Church。　　Yet　you；　whose　office　it　is　to　dissuade　others　from　these　vanities；　oppressed；　or　rather　blinded　by　I　know　not　what　distress　of　mind；　flee　to　this　as　to　a　sacred　augur；　and　as　if　there　were　no　God　in　Israel；　that　you　send　to　inquire　of　the　god　of　Ekron。〃
  ＇29＇　H。　Morley：　　The　Life　of　Henry　Cornelius　Agrippa；　London；　1856；　Vol。　II；　p。　138。
  In　spite　of　the　opposition　of　the　Church　astrology　held　its　own；　many　of　the　universities　at　the　end　of　the　fifteenth　century　published　almanacs；　usually　known　as　〃Prognosticons；〃　and　the　practice　was　continued　far　into　the　sixteenth　century。　　I　show　you　here　an　illustration。　Rabelais；　you　may　remember；　when　physician　to　the　Hotel　Dieu　in　Lyons；　published　almanacs　for　the　years　1533；　1535；　1541；　1546。　In　the　title…page　he　called　himself　〃Doctor　of　Medicine　and　Professor　of　Astrology；〃　and　they　continued　to　be　printed　under　his　name　until　1556。　In　the　preparation　of　these　he　must　have　had　his　tongue　in　his　cheek；　as　in　his　famous　〃Pantagrueline　Prognostication；〃　in　which；　to　satisfy　the　curiosity　of　all　good　companions；　he　had　turned　over　all　the　archives　of　the　heavens；　calculated　the　quadratures　of　the　moon；　hooked　out　all　that　has　ever　been　thought　by　all　the　Astrophils；　Hypernephilists；　Anemophylakes；　Uranopets　and　Ombrophori；　and　felt　on　every　point　with　Empedocles。＇30＇
  ＇30＇　Pantagrueline　Prognostication；　Rabelais；　W。　F。　Smith's　translation；　1893；　Vol。　II；　p。　460。
  Even　physicians　of　the　most　distinguished　reputation　practised　judicial　astrology。　　Jerome　Cardan　was　not　above　earning　money　by　casting　horoscopes；　and　on　this　subject　he　wrote　one　of　his　most　popular　books　（De　Supplemento　Almanach；　etc。；　1543）；　in　which　astronomy　and　astrology　are　mixed　in　the　truly　mediaeval　fashion。　He　gives　in　it　some　sixty…seven　nativities；　remarkable　for　the　events　they　foretell；　with　an　exposition。　　One　of　the　accusations　brought　against　him　was　that　he　had　〃attempted　to　subject　to　the　stars　the　Lord　of　the　stars　and　cast　our　Saviour's　horoscope。〃＇31＇　Cardan　professed　to　have　abandoned　a　practice　looked　upon　with　disfavor　both　by　the　Church　and　by　the　universities；　but　he　returned　to　it　again　and　again。　I　show　here　his　own　horoscope。　That　remarkable　character；　Michael　Servetus；　the　discoverer　of　the　lesser　circulation；　when　a　fellow　student　with　Vesalius　at　Paris；　gave　lectures　upon　judicial　astrology；　which　brought　him　into　conflict　with　the　faculty；　and　the　rarest　of　the　Servetus　works；　rarer　even　than　the　〃Christianismi　Restitutio；〃　is　the　〃Apologetica　disceptatio　pro　astrologia；〃　one　copy　of　which　is　in　the　Bibliotheque　Nationale。　　Nor　could　the　new　astronomy　and　the　acceptance　of　the　heliocentric　views　dislocate　the　popular　belief。　The　literature　of　the　seventeenth　century　is　rich　in　astrological　treatises　dealing　with　medicine。
  ＇31＇　De　Thou；　Lib。　LXII；　quoted　by　Morley　in　Life　of　Jerome　Cardan；　Vol。　II；　p。　294。
  No　one　has　ever　poured　such　satire　upon　the　mantic　arts　as　did　Rabelais　in　chapter　twenty…five　of　the　third　book　of　〃Pantagruel。〃　　Panurge　goes　to　consult　Her　Trippathe　famous　Cornelius　Agrippa；　whose　opinion　of　astrology　has　already　been　quoted；　but　who　nevertheless；　as　court　astrologer　to　Louise　of　Savoy；　had　a　great　contemporary　reputation。　　After　looking　Panurge　in　the　face　and　making　conclusions　by　metoposcopy　and　physiognomy；　he　casts　his　horoscope　secundum　artem；　then；　taking　a　branch　of　tamarisk；　a　favorite　tree　from　which　to　get　the　divining　rod；　he　names　some　twenty…nine　or　thirty　mantic　arts；　from　pyromancy　to　necromancy；　by　which　he　offers　to　predict　his　future。　While　full　of　rare　hum