ath　the　scarlet　cloth　they　crept；　And　licked　his　eyelids；　as　it　seemed　to　me；　And；　mistress　dear；　before　you　could　have　drunk　Of　wine　ten　goblets；　Wealth　arose　and　saw。＇17＇
  ＇17＇　Ibid。
  The　incubation　sleep；　in　which　indications　of　cure　were　divinely　sent；　formed　an　important　part　of　the　ritual。
  The　Asklepieion；　or　Health　Temple　of　Cos；　recently　excavated；　is　of　special　interest；　as　being　at　the　birthplace　of　Hippocrates；　who　was　himself　an　Asklepiad。　　It　is　known　that　Cos　was　a　great　medical　school。　The　investigations　of　Professor　Rudolf　Hertzog　have　shown　that　this　temple　was　very　nearly　the　counterpart　of　the　temple　at　Epidaurus。
  The　AEsculapian　temples　may　have　furnished　a　rare　field　for　empirical　enquiry。　　As　with　our　modern　hospitals；　the　larger　temple　had　rich　libraries；　full　of　valuable　manuscripts　and　records　of　cases。　　That　there　may　have　been　secular　Asklepiads　connected　with　the　temple；　who　were　freed　entirely　from　its　superstitious　practices　and　theurgic　rites；　is　regarded　as　doubtful；　yet　is　perhaps　not　so　doubtful　as　one　might　think。　How　often　have　we　physicians　to　bow　ourselves　in　the　house　of　Rimmon！　It　is　very　much　the　same　today　at　Lourdes；　where　lay　physicians　have　to　look　after　scores　of　patients　whose　faith　is　too　weak　or　whose　maladies　are　too　strong　to　be　relieved　by　Our　Lady　of　this　famous　shrine。　Even　in　the　Christian　era；　there　is　evidence　of　the　association　of　distinguished　physicians　with　AEsculapian　temples。　I　notice　that　in　one　of　his　anatomical　treatises；　Galen　speaks　with　affection　of　a　citizen　of　Pergamos　who　has　been　a　great　benefactor　of　the　AEsculapian　temple　of　that　city。　In　〃Marius；　the　Epicurean；〃　Pater　gives　a　delightful　sketch　of　one　of　those　temple　health　resorts；　and　brings　in　Galen；　stating　that　he　had　himself　undergone　the　temple　sleep；　but　to　this　I　can　find　no　reference　in　the　general　index　of　Galen's　works。
  From　the　votive　tablets　found　at　Epidaurus；　we　get　a　very　good　idea　of　the　nature　of　the　cases　and　of　the　cures。　　A　large　number　of　them　have　now　been　deciphered。　　There　are　evidences　of　various　forms　of　diseases　of　the　joints；　affections　of　women；　wounds；　baldness；　gout；　but　we　are　again　in　the　world　of　miracles；　as　you　may　judge　from　the　following：　〃Heraicus　of　Mytilene　is　bald　and　entreats　the　God　to　make　his　hair　grow。　An　ointment　is　applied　over　night　and　the　next　morning　he　has　a　thick　crop　of　hair。〃
  There　are　indications　that　operations　were　performed　and　abscesses　opened。　From　one　we　gather　that　dropsy　was　treated　in　a　novel　way：　Asklepios　cuts　off　the　patient's　head；　holds　him　up　by　the　heels；　lets　the　water　run　out；　claps　on　the　patient's　head　again。　Here　is　one　of　the　invocations：　〃Oh；　blessed　Asklepios；　God　of　Healing；　it　is　thanks　to　thy　skill　that　Diophantes　hopes　to　be　relieved　from　his　incurable　and　horrible　gout；　no　longer　to　move　like　a　crab；　no　longer　to　walk　upon　thorns；　but　to　have　sound　feet　as　thou　hast　decreed。〃
  The　priests　did　not　neglect　the　natural　means　of　healing。　The　inscriptions　show　that　great　attention　was　paid　to　diet；　exercise；　massage　and　bathing；　and　that　when　necessary；　drugs　were　used。　Birth　and　death　were　believed　to　defile　the　sacred　precincts；　and　it　was　not　until　the　time　of　the　Antonines　that　provision　was　made　at　Epidaurus　for　these　contingencies。
  One　practice　of　the　temple　was　of　special　interest；　viz。；　the　incubation　sleep；　in　which　dreams　were　suggested　to　the　patients。　In　the　religion　of　Babylonia；　an　important　part　was　played　by　the　mystery　of　sleep；　and　the　interpretation　of　dreams；　and　no　doubt　from　the　East　the　Greeks　took　over　the　practice　of　divination　in　sleep；　for　in　the　AEsculapian　cult　also；　the　incubation　sleep　played　a　most　important　role。　That　it　continued　in　later　times　is　well　indicated　in　the　orations　of　Aristides；　the　arch…neurasthenic　of　ancient　history；　who　was　a　great　dreamer　of　dreams。　　The　oracle　of　Amphiaraus　in　Attica　sent　dreams　into　the　hearts　of　his　consultants。　〃The　priests　take　the　inquirer；　and　keep　him　fasting　from　food　for　one　day；　and　from　wine　for　three　days；　to　give　him　perfect　spiritual　lucidity　to　absorb　the　divine　communication〃　（Phillimore's　〃Apollonius　of　Tyana；〃　Bk。　II；　Ch。　XXXVII）。　How　incubation　sleep　was　carried　into　the　Christian　Church；　its　association　with　St。　Cosmas　and　St。　Damian　and　other　saints；　its　practice　throughout　the　Middle　Ages；　and　its　continuation　to　our　own　time　may　be　read　in　the　careful　study　of　the　subject　made　by　Miss　Hamilton　（now　Mrs。　Dickens）。＇18＇　There　are　still　in　parts　of　Greece　and　in　Asia　Minor　shrines　at　which　incubation　is　practiced　regularly；　and　if　one　may　judge　from　the　reports；　with　as　great　success　as　in　Epidaurus。　　At　one　place　in　Britain；　Christchurch　in　Monmouthshire；　incubation　was　carried　on　till　the　early　part　of　the　nineteenth　century。　Now　the　profession　has　come　back　to　the　study　of　dreams；＇19＇　and　there　are　professors　as　ready　to　give　suggestive　interpretations　to　them；　as　in　the　days　of　Aristides。　　As　usual；　Aristotle　seems　to　have　said　the　last　word　on　the　subject：　〃Even　scientific　physicians　tell　us　that　one　should　pay　diligent　attention　to　dreams；　and　to　hold　this　view　is　reasonable　also　for　those　who　are　not　practitioners　but　speculative　philosophers；〃＇20＇　but　it　is　asking　too　much　to　think　that　the　Deity　would　trouble　to　send　dreams　to　very　simple　people　and　to　animals；　if　they　were　designed　in　any　way　to　reveal　the　future。
  In　its　struggle　with　Christianity；　Paganism　made　its　last　stand　in　the　temples　of　Asklepios。　　The　miraculous　healing　of　the　saints　superseded　the　cures　of　the　heathen　god；　and　it　was　wise　to　adopt　the　useful　practice　of　his　temple。
  ＇18＇　Mary　Hamilton：　　Incubation；　or　the　Cure　of　Disease　in　Pagan　Temples　and　Christian　Churches；　London；　1906。
  ＇19＇　Freud：　　The　Interpretation　of　Dreams；　translation　of　third　edition　by　A。　A。　Brill；　1913。
  ＇20＇　Aristotle：　　Parva　Naturalia；　De　divinatione　per　somnium；　Ch。　I；　Oxford　ed。；　Vol。　III；　463　a。
  HIPPOCRATES　AND　THE　HIPPOCRATIC　WRITINGS
  DESERVEDLY　the　foundation　of　Greek　Medicine　is　associated　with　the　name　of　Hippocrates；　a　native　of　the　island　of　Cos；　and　yet　he　is　a　shadowy　personality；　about　whom　we　have　little　accurate　first…hand　information。　　This　is　in　strong　contrast　to　some　of　his　distinguished　contemporaries　and　successors；　for　example；　Plato　and　Aristotle；　about　whom　we　have　such　full　and　accurate　knowledge。　　You　will；　perhaps；　be　surprised　to　hear　that　the　only　contemporary　mention　of　Hippocrates　is　made　by　Plato。　　In　the　〃Protagoras；〃　the　young　Hippocrates；　son　of　Apollodorus　has　come　to　Protagoras；　〃that　mighty　wise　man；〃　to　learn　the　science　and　knowledge　of　human　life。　Socrates　asked　him：　　〃If　。　。　。　you　had　thought　of　going　to　Hippocrates　of　Cos；　the　Asclepiad；　and　were　about　to　give　him　your　money；　and　some　one　had　said　to　you；　'You　are　paying　money　to　your　namesake　Hippocrates；　O　Hippocrates；　tell　me；　what　is　he　that　you　give　him　money？'　how　would　you　have　answered？〃　〃I　should　say；〃　he　replied；　〃that　I　gave　money　to　him　as　a　physician。〃　〃And　what　will　he　make　of　you？〃　　〃A　physician；〃　he　said。　And　in　the　Phaedrus；　in　reply　to　a　question　of　Socrates　whether　the　nature　of　the　soul　could　be　known　intelligently　without　knowing　the　nature　of　the　whole；　Phaedrus　replies：　〃Hippocrates；　the　Asclepiad；　says　that　the　nature；　even　of　the　body；　can　only　be　understood　as　a　whole。〃　（Plato；　I；　311；　III；　270Jowett；　I；　131；　479。）
  Several　lives　of　Hippocrates　have　been　written。　　The　one　most　frequently　quoted　is　that　of　Soranus　of　Ephesus　（not　the　famous　physician　of　the　time　of　Trajan）；　and　the　statements　which　he　gives　are　usually　accepted；　viz。；　that　he　was　born　in　the　island　of　Cos　in　the　year　460　B。C。；　that　he　belonged　to　an　Asklepiad　family　of　distinction；　that　he　travelled　extensively；　visiting　Thrace；　Thessaly；　and　various　other　parts　of　Greece；　that　he　returned　to　Cos；　where　he　became　the　most　renowned　physician　of　his　period；　and　died　about　375　B。C。　Aristotle　mentions　him　but　once；　calling　him　〃the　great　Hippocrates。〃　　Busts　of　him　are　common；　one　of　the　earliest　of　which；　and　I　am　told　the　best；　dating　from　Roman　days　and　now　in　the　British　Museum；　is　here　represented。
  Of　the　numerous　writings　attributed　to　Hippocrates　it　cannot　easily　be　determined　which　are　really　the　work　of　the　Father　of　Medicine　himself。　They　were　collected　at　the　time　of　the　Alexandrian　School；　and　it　became　customary　to　write　commentaries　upon　them；　much　of　the　most　important　information　we　have　about　them；　we　derive　from　Galen。　　The　earliest　manuscript　is　the　〃Codex　Laurentianus〃　of　Florence；　dating　from　the　ninth　century；　a　specimen　page　of　which　（thanks　to　Commendatore　Biagi）　is　annexed。　Those　of　you　who　are　interested；　and　wish　to　have　full　references　to　the　various　works　attributed　to　Hippocrates；　will　find　them　in　〃Die　Handschriften　der　antiken　Aerzte〃　of　the　Prussian　Academy；　edited　by　Diels　（Berlin；　1905）。　The　Prussian　Academy　has　undertaken　the　editorship　of　the　〃Corpus　Medicorum　Graecorum。〃　　There　is　no　complete　edition　of　them　in　English。　　In　1849　the　Deeside　physician；　Adams；　published　（for　the　Old　Sydenham　Society）　a　translation　of　the　most　important　works；　a　valuable　edition　and　easily　obtained。　　Littre's　ten…volume　edition　OEuvres　completes　d'Hipp