第 71 节
作者:京文      更新:2021-02-19 21:42      字数:9251
  p。 55; Principia philosophi?; § 3…6; 18; pp。 20…22; Principes de la nature et de la grace; § 2; p。
  32。
  8。 Leibnitzii Principa philosophi?; § 7; p。 21; Troisième éclaircissement du système de la
  communication des substances (Oper。 T。 II。 P。 I。); p。 73 (Recueil; T。 II; p。 402)。
  9。 Leibnitzii Principia philosophi?; § 8; 9; p。 21; Oper。 T。 II。 P。 I。 pp。 128; 129; § 4; 5: Il n'y a
  point deux individus indiscrenables。 Un gentilhomme d'esprit de mes amis; en parlant avec moi en
  présence de Mad。 l'Electrice dans le jardin de Herrenhausen; crut qu'il trouverait bien deux
  feuilles entièrement semblables。 Mad。 l'Electrice l'en défia; et il court longtemps en vain pour en
  chercher。 Deux gouttes d'eau ou de lait regardées par le microscope se trouveront discernables。
  C'est un argument contre les Atomes (Recueil; T。 I。 p。 50)。…Cf。 Hegel's Werke; Vol。 IV。 p。 45。
  10。 Leibnitzii Principia philosophi?; § 10…16; pp。 21; 22; Principes de la nature et de la grace; §
  2; p。 32。
  11。 Leibnitzii Principia philosophi?; § 19…23; pp。 22; 23; Principes de la nature et de la grace; §
  4; pp。 33; 34; Nouveaux essais sur l'entendement humain (?uvres philosophiques de Leibnitz par
  Raspe); Bk。 II。 chap。 ix。 § 4; p。 90。
  12。 Leibnitzii De amina brutorum (Op。 T。 II。 P。 I。); § 2…4; pp。 230; 231。
  13。 Leibnitzii Oper。 T。 II。 P。 I。 pp。 214; 215; § 3; De ipsa natura sive de vi insita; § 11; p。 55;
  Système nouveau de la nature et de la communication des substances (Op。 T。 II。 P。 I); pp。 50; 53。
  14。 Leibnitzii Oper。 T。 II。 P。 I。 pp。 79; 121; 234…237; 280; 295; Nouveaux essais sur
  l'entendement humain; Bk。 II。 chap。 xiii。 § 15; 17; pp。 106; 107。
  15。 Leibnitz: Nouveaux essais sur l'entendement humain; Bk。 II。 chap。 xii。 § 7; pp。 102; 103;
  chap。 xxi。 § 72; p。 170; chap。 xxiv。 § 1; p。 185。
  16。 Leibnitzii Oper。 T。 II。 P。 I。 p。 39; Nouveaux essais sur l'entendement humain; Bk。 III。 chap。 vi。
  § 24; p。 278; § 39; p。 290。
  17。 Leibnitzii Oper。 T。 II。 P。 II。 p。 60; Nouveaux essais sur l'entendement humain; Bk。 II。 chap。
  xxiii。 § 23; p。 181。
  18。 Leibnitzii Principia philosophim; § 65…71; p。 28; Principes de la nature et de la grace; § 3; 4;
  pp。 32; 33。
  19。 Leibnitzii Principia philosophim; § 29…31; p。 24; Principes de la nature et de la grace; § 5; p。
  34; Essais de Th6odic6e; T。 I。 P。 1。 § 44; p。 115。
  20。 Leibnitz : Priucipes de la nature et de la grace; § 7; p。 36。
  21。 Leibnitz: Principes de la nature et de la grace; § 8; p。 35; Principia philosophi?; § 43…46; p。
  25。
  22。 Leibnitz: Essais de Théodicée; T。 I。 P。 I。 § 6…8; pp。 83…85; Principes de la nature et de la
  grace; § 10; p。 36。
  23。 Leibnitz: Essais de Théodicée; T。 I。 P。 I。 § 20; pp。 96; 97; § 32; 33; pp。 106; 107; T。 II。 P。
  II。 § 153; pp。 57; 58; § 378; pp。 256; 257。
  24。 Leibnitzii Causa Dei asserta per justitiam ejus (Essais de Théodicée; T。 II。); § 34…39; pp。
  385; 386。
  25。 Leibnitz: Principes de la nature et de la grace; § 3; p。 33; Premier éclaircissement du système
  de la communication des substances; p。 70。
  26。 Leibnitz: Second et troisième éclaircissemens du système de la communication des substances;
  pp。 71…73。
  27。 Leibnitzii Principia philosophi?; § 82; p。 30; Principes de la nature et de la grace; § 11; p。
  36。
  28。 Leibnitz: Système nouveau de la nature et de la communication des substances; pp。 54; 55。
  29。 Leibnitzii Principia philosophi?; § 90; p。 31; Principes de la nature et de la grace; § 12; 13;
  pp。 36; 37; § 15; pp。 37; 38。
  30。 Leibnitzii Oper。 T。 II。 P。 I。 pp。 75; 76。
  31。 Leibnitzii Principia philosoph。; § 58…62; p。 27; Oper。 T。 II。 P。 I。 pp。 46; 47。
  32。 Leibnitz: Essais de Théodicée; T。 I。 P。 I。 § 9; pp。 85; 86。
  33。 Leibnitz: Principes de la nature et de la grace; § 12; 13; pp。 36; 37; Oper。 T。 II。 P。 I。 p。 337。
  34。 Leibnitz: Essais de Théodicée; T。 II。 P。 III。 § 291; pp。 184; 185; T。 I。 P。 I。 § 50; p。 119。
  Section Two: Period of the Thinking Understanding
  Chapter I。 — The Metaphysics of the Understanding
  C 2。 WOLFF
  The philosophy of Wolff is directly connected with that of Leibnitz; for really it is a pedantic
  systematization of the latter; for which reason it is likewise called the Leibnitz…Wolffian system of
  philosophy。 Wolff attained to great distinction in mathematics and made himself famous by his
  philosophy as well; the latter was for long predominant in Germany。 In Wolff; as a teacher dealing
  with the understanding; we find a systematic exposition of the philosophic element present in
  human conceptions as a whole。 As regards his connection with German culture generally; great
  and immortal praise is more especially due to him; before all others he may be termed the teacher
  of the Germans。 We may indeed say that Wolff was the first to naturalize philosophy in Germany。
  Tschirnhausen and Thomasius likewise participated in this honour; for the special reason that they
  wrote upon Philosophy in the German language。 In regard to the matter of the philosophy of
  Tschirnhausen and Thomasius we have not much to say; it is so…called healthy reason … there is in
  it the superficial character and the empty universality always to be found where a beginning is
  made with thought。 In this case the universality of thought satisfies us because every thing is
  present there; just as it is present in a moral maxim which has; however; no determinate content in
  its universality。 Wolff; then; was the first to make; not exactly Philosophy; but thoughts in the form
  of thought; into a general possession; and he substituted this in Germany for mere talk originating
  from feeling; from sensuous perception; and from the ordinary conception。 This is most important
  from the point of view of culture; and yet it does not really concern us here; excepting in so far as
  the content in this form of thought has caused itself to be recognized as Philosophy。 This
  philosophy; as a philosophy of the understanding; became the ordinary culture of the day; in it;
  determinate; intelligent thought is the fundamental principle; and it extends over the whole circle of
  objects which fall within the region of knowledge。 Wolff defined the world of consciousness for
  Germany; and for the world in general; in the same wide sense in which we may say that this was
  done by Aristotle。 What distinguishes him from Aristotle is that in so doing the point of view that
  he adopted was that of the understanding merely; while Aristotle treated the subject speculatively。
  The philosophy of Wolff is hence no doubt built on foundations laid by Leibnitz; but yet in such a
  manner that the speculative interest is quite eliminated from it。 The spiritual philosophy; substantial
  in a higher sense; which we found emerging first in Boehme; though still in a peculiar and
  barbarous form; has been quite lost sight of; and has disappeared without leaving any traces or
  effects in Germany; his very language was forgotten。
  The principal events in Christian Wolff's life are these: He was the son of a baker; and was born at
  Breslau in 1679。 He first studied Theology and then Philosophy; and in 1707 he became Professor
  of Mathematics and Philosophy at Halle。 Here the pietistic theologians; and more especially
  Lange; treated him in the basest manner。 Piety did not trust this understanding; for piety; if it is
  true; embodies a content which is speculative in nature; and which passes beyond the
  understanding。 As his opponents could make no headway by their writings; they resorted to
  intrigues。 They caused it to be conveyed to King Frederick William I。; the father of Frederick II。;
  a rough man who took an interest in nothing but soldiers; that according to the determinism of
  Wolff; free will was impossible; and that soldiers could not hence desert of their own free will; but
  by a special disposition of God (pre…established harmony) a doctrine which; if disseminated
  amongst the military; would be extremely dangerous。 The king; much enraged by this; immediately
  issued a decree that within forty…eight hours Wolff should leave Halle and the Prussian States;
  under penalty of the halter。 Wolff thus left Halle on the 23rd of November; 1723。 The theologians
  added to all this the scandal of preaching against Wolff and his philosophy; and the pious Franke
  thanked God on his knees in church for the removal of Wolff。 But the rejoicings did not last long。
  Wolff went to Cassel; was there immediately installed first professor in the philosophic faculty at
  Marburg; and at the same time made a member of the Academies of Science of London; Paris;
  and Stockholm。 By Peter the First of Russia he was made Vice…President of the newly instituted
  Academy in St。 Petersburg。 Wolff was also summoned to Russia; but this invitation he declined; he
  received; however; an honorary post; he was made a Baron by the Elector of Bavaria; and; in
  short; loaded with public honours which; more especially at that time; though even now it is the
  case; were very much thought of by the general public; and which were too great not to make a
  profound sensation in Berlin。 In Berlin a commission was appointed to pass judgment on the
  Wolffian philosophy … for this it had not been